The potential roles of specific antibodies of different immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and IgE in serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) were investigated by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on Antigen 5 (Ag5). Presence of IgG1 was demonstrated in all sera from 58 patients with CE. The most discriminatory and specific antibodies found in this study belonged to IgG4 and IgE. Only one false-positive reaction was observed with IgG4 and no IgE cross-reactivity occurred with 40 sera from healthy controls. In 36 sera from patients infected with parasites other than CE two false-positive reactions with IgG4 were observed but none occurred with IgE. In immunoblotting, it was shown that IgG1 subclass was responsible for cross-reactivity of human antibodies that reacted with a 38 kDa subunit of Ag5. IgG4 and IgE antibodies could not recognize the 38 kDa subunit and under non-reducing conditions reacted with the 57 kDa subunit without any cross-reactivity to other parasites. The results demonstrated that IgG4 and IgE are the most important antibodies for serological diagnosis of hydatid cyst in an Ag5 based immunoassay system.

Echinococcosis is one of the most important zoonosis in Iran. Due to this fact that providing a reliable diagnostic method for detection of this infection in definitive host is a critical prerequirement for the establishment of appropriate control programs in our country, one hundred and sixteen carnivores including 80 dogs, 27 jackals, 8 foxes and one wolf were collected from rural areas of Hamadan, Azarbaijan and Tehran provinces and examined for Echinococcus granulosus infection. Canine echinococcosis was diagnosed upon direct microscopic examination of intestinal contents and mucosal scraping for adult tapeworms, and a coproantigen detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (CA-ELISA) for Echinococcus granulosus. The overall prevalence of canine echinococcosis using the ELISA test was 43.1 % (50/116). The relative frequency of canine echinococcosis was 37 % (43/116) by microscopic examination. The sensitivity and specificity of the CA-ELISA test as referenced by necropsy findings was 72.1 % and 74 % respectively. We found this assay to be a very suitable and advantageous method for the surveillance of canine population especially in regions with endemic echinococcosis.

Illness) surveillance.Methods: The surveillance activities include the epidemiology and virology aspect. Each PHCs collects the specimens from ILI cases and send the specimens to designated laboratory.Results: The types of seasonal influenza are Influenza A and Influenza B. The subtypes of Influenza A are H1N1 and H3N2, but since 2010 the subtypes of seasonal influenza is add by the H1N1pdm09. Since 2007, in the average of the proportion number of influenza A each year around 15 -20%, while influenza B around 5 to 10%. The dominant subtypes vary each year. In 2010 and 2011, the dominant subtype of Influenza A is H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 respectively. The flu season based on Influenza-Like Illness surveillance data in Indonesia cannot be predicted since the weather of dry and rainy season are also unpredictable due to the global warming. The highest influenza case is in the age group of 5 until 15 years old. However, there is no significant different number of cases between male and female. Influenza that caused outbreak in Indonesia is Avian Influenza which is Influenza A subtype H5N1. By the end of October 2011, Indonesian reported 181 cumulative cases and 149 fatal cases of Influenza H5N1. Conclusion:The influenza surveillance in Indonesia is very important due to monitoring the circulating influenza strain and also to provide information for the national program to control influenza and pandemic influenza preparedness. The surveillance data is also important for the global vaccine selection strain

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