Dandy-Walker syndrome (DWS) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and its upward rotation and cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle. The clinical manifestations include psychomotor retardation, ataxia and hydrocephalus. We report a case of 16-year-old female patient in Ali Abad Teaching Hospital who was suffering from unsteady gait, memory deterioration and urinary incontinence. A brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed enlarged cystic posterior fossa, dilated fourth ventricles and upward rotated cerebellar vermis which were indicating DWS. The patient prepared for planned surgical operation and a written informed consent was obtained from her parents for surgery and general anesthesia. A cystoperitoneal (CP) shunt was placed and then the patient transferred to recovery room. After recovery and hospital stay, the patient discharged with improved clinical symptoms.

Background: Airway management may be a considerable challenge for anesthesiologists. Currently used preoperative screening tests are known to lack sufficient specificity and sensitivity. Nevertheless, preoperative screenings and the combination of various tests are highly recommended to reduce the risk of unexpected difficult or failed airway management. Purpose: This study aims to determine if socio-demographic characteristics can predict difficult intubation among adult patients scheduled for elective surgeries under general anesthesia in Aliabad Teaching Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan. Methods: A total of 341 patients were selected based on consecutive sampling method. Informed consent forms were obtained before inclusion in the study. Data were collected using a data collection form. Age, gender, ASA physical status and ethnicity were recorded for each participant. Airway assessment tests such as mouth opening (MO), thyromental distance (TMD), and Mallampati classes, inability to prognath (AP) and neck mobility and size (NM) category were conducted by research team. Data were initially entered into an Excel data sheet and then exported to SPSS Statistics version 22 for analysis. Results: From 28 October 2018 to 30 January 2019, a total of 341 patients included in the study. Of these, 193 (56.6%) were male and 148 (43.4%) were female. The mean age of the subjects was 36.98 ± 15.048 years. More than half (54.5%) of the study population were Tajiks. Patients from the Hazara ethnicity, female patients, older patients and those suffering from systemic diseases found to be more difficult to intubate. We recognized that, Mallampati classes ≥3, small MO, short TMD, AP, reduced NM were also associated with difficult intubation. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the associated factors determined that increased age more than 40 years, AP and small MO were independent predictors of difficult intubation. Conclusion:The study findings show that Hazara ethnicity, female patients, increasing age and systemic disease have significant associations with difficult intubation. Mallampati classes III and IV, MO ≤4 cm, TMD ≤6 cm, and reduced NM had higher risks of difficult intubation. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined that increased age, AP and MO were independent predictors for difficult intubation.

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Education is one of the basic necessities of every person which is accepted by the United Nations as one of the basic rights of the individual male and female. Gender differences in educational achievements have long been the focus of researches. Several studies have reported that female students outperform their male counterparts. The purpose of this study is to identify the percentage of intelligence level between male and female based on their exam score taking. The sample size estimation was created on the consecutive sampling where all cases are accessible in a given period of time. In a cross-sectional study out of a total of 610 students of the Dentistry Department of Kabul University of Medical Sciences which is one of the top public universities in Afghanistan, 278 were males and 332 females. The results of final exams of fall semester 2019 of Dentistry Department have been collected, then the percentage of each class have been calculated separately to find out which gender group is due to be among top ten students in each class. And in addition we have calculated how many students of both gender show above 80 percent. Two Sample T Test and Ms. excel were used for statistical analysis. This research showed that the numbers of Female students are more in top ten than male students in each class of Dentistry Department. We can accomplish that female students are more hardworking compared to male students.

Introduction: Airway management is a considerable challenge for anesthesiologists. The diagnostic value of the screening tests differs in various studies. This is due to the variety in the incidence of intubation, insufficient statistical power, and different test inception. To have a safe intubation, it is essential to perform a precise preoperative airway assessment. However, there is still an argument about which tests and anatomical landmarks would be the best predictors.Objective: This study is aimed to determine the best predictors and socio-demographic characteristics of difficult intubation among adult patients scheduled for elective surgeries under general anesthesia in Aliabad Teaching Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan. Method: A total of 341 patients were selected based on consecutive sampling method. Informed consent forms were obtained before inclusion in the study. Data were collected using a data collection form. Age, gender, ASA physical status and tribe were recorded for each participant. Airway assessment test was conducted before operation for additional consideration. Data were initially entered into an excel data sheet, and then exported to SPSS Statistics version 22 for analysis. Results: From a total of 341 patients, 193 (56.6%) were males and 148 (43.4%) were females. The mean age of the subjects was 36.98 ± 15.048 years. More than half (54.5%) of the study population were Tajiks. Hazara tribe, female patients, increasing age and systemic disease patients had more difficult intubation. We recognized that, Mallampati classes, mouth opening, thyromental distance, ability to prognath and neck mobility and size were associated with difficult intubation. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the associated factors determined that increase age, ability to prognath and mouth opening were independent predictors of difficult intubation. Conclusion: Female patients and Hazara tribe were found to have a significant association with difficult intubation on bivariate analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined that increase age, ability to prognath and mouth opening were independent predictors for difficult intubation.