Background: Chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide and busulfan have been shown to have a negative impact on the spermatogenesis process. Based on this fact, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of edaravone on spermatogenesis in busulfan-induced mice. Methods: Forty adult male mice were equally divided into the four groups: 1) control, 2) edaravone, 3) busulfan, and 4) busulfan + edaravone. Then, the sperm parameters, histopathological examinations, and serum levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were also assessed. Caspase-3, Beclin-1, and ATG-7 mRNA levels were also determined using real-time PCR. Results: Our results revealed that treatment of mice with edaravone in busulfan-induced azoospermia significantly improves sperm parameters, including total count, morphology, and viability (p<0.05). Furthermore, edaravone administration led to a significant increase in serum testosterone (p<0.0001) and FSH (p<0.001) levels, as well as testis weight (p<0.05) and volume (p<0.01). Edaravone also prevented a decrease in the number of testicular cells including spermatogonia (p<0.0001), primary spermatocytes (p<0.001), round spermatids (p<0.0001), Sertoli (p<0.01), and Leydig cells (p<0.0001) in busulfan-treated mice. Additionally, in busulfan-induced azoospermia, edaravone significantly reduced the percentage of sperm with immature chromatin (p<0.0001). Following treatment with edaravone, a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increase in glutathione (GSH) production were noted compared to busulfan-treated mice. Furthermore, caspase-3 (p<0.05), Beclin-1, and ATG-7 (p<0.001) genes expression decreased significantly in treatment groups compared to busulfan-induced azoospermia. Conclusion: According to our findings, edaravone can improve spermatogenesis in busulfan-induced azoospermia through free radical scavenging and autophagy modulation in testicular tissue.

Context Approximately 40–50% of all infertility cases are due to male infertility, and one of the most important causes of infertility is azoospermia. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of elderberry on the spermatogenesis process in the azoospermia mice model. Method Thirty adult male mice were randomised into three groups: control; busulfan (45 mg/kg); and busulfan + elderberry (2%), 6 mL orally per animal. Sperm samples were collected from the tail of the epididymis, and testis specimens were also collected and then subjected to sperm parameters analysis, histopathological evaluation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH) measurement to determine the mRNA expression and hormonal assay. Conclusions It can be concluded that the elderberry diet may be considered a complementary treatment to improve the spermatogenesis process in busulfan-induced azoospermic mice. Implications Considering some limitations, the elderberry diet can be an alternate option for improving testicular damage following chemotherapy.

Background This study presents an image of childhood sexual abuse and bullying (CSAB) longitudinal trends in summary exposure rates from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories. Methods The CSAB summary exposure rates in 1000000 people were extracted from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and analyzed using latent growth approaches. Results Our results showed, globally, at the beginning of the study, the summary exposure rate was higher in boys and was increased in both genders over time (increasing rate of 16.6 in boys and 17.8 in girls, P < .001). Also, during past decades, the CSAB summary exposure rate for boys and girls had a significant increasing trend in both developed and low developed countries (p < 0.001). The increasing rate in low developed countries was more than in developed ones, in boys and girls. The CSAB rates among boys in Chile, Spain, and Sweden, and girls in Chile, Lithuania, Netherlands had the sharpest decreasing rate among world countries (decreasing rate of 19.5 and 13.9 per 1000000 persons, respectively, p < .001). The longitudinal trend of CSAB rates in other countries has been mostly increasing in boys and girls. Conclusion This study showcases the trend of CSAB rates were heterogeneous among countries and have not decreased during past decades and in most countries. In both developing and developed countries, special attention from relevant policymakers is required, and implementation of national survey, facilitating reporting, and knowledge of the CSAB at a population level are recommended.