Direct visual inspection after Lugol iodine painting is feasible and easy to perform with superior sensitivity to cervical cytology and DVI-A in detecting cervical premalignant and malignant lesions. Direct visual inspection after Lugol iodine painting can be used as an efficient primary screening tool with a satisfactory low biopsy rate in low resources settings.

Background The characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for in-hospital death of critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been described in patients from Europe, North America and China, but there are few data from COVID-19 patients in Middle Eastern countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for in-hospital death of critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the ICUs of a University Hospital in Egypt. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted between April 28 and July 29, 2020 to two ICUs dedicated to the isolation and treatment of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in Cairo University Hospitals. Diagnosis was confirmed in all patients using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on respiratory samples and radiologic evidence of pneumonia. Results Of the 177 patients admitted to the ICUs during the study period, 160 patients had COVID-19 pneumonia and were included in the analysis (mean age: 60 ± 14 years, 67.5% males); 23% of patients had no known comorbidities. The overall ICU and hospital mortality rates were both 24.4%. The ICU and hospital lengths of stay were 7 (25–75% interquartile range: 4–10) and 10 (25–75% interquartile range: 7–14) days, respectively. In a multivariable analysis with in-hospital death as the dependent variable, ischemic heart disease, history of smoking, and secondary bacterial pneumonia were independently associated with a higher risk of in-hospital death, whereas greater PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio on admission to the ICU was associated with a lower risk. Conclusion In this cohort of critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, ischemic heart disease, history of smoking, and secondary bacterial pneumonia were independently associated with a higher risk of in-hospital death.

Background:Hepatitis B infection is an alarming public health problem. Almost two billion people of the population alive today, would have been infected at some time in their lives by hepatitis B. Hepatitis C virus is another life threatening condition, and about 425,000 deaths occur each year due to its complications.The current study was carried out to provide care givers and health planners basic epidemiological data regarding the frequency and distribution of HBV and HCV based on age and sex during a time period of more than 5 years.Result:A total of 2109 different patients were found to be infected by HBV during the study period; 1641 (77.81%) were males and 468 (22.19%) were females with the age group of 20-39 years predominating (64%). In addition,16% of patients tested for HBeAg were found reactive.Conclusion:There were significant correlations observed between the levels of HBV DNA and ALT, AST and AFP. Regarding HCV, 70 males (54.9%) and 63 females (45.1%) were found to be infected, with preponderance of the age group 41 - 60 years and the genotype 4. Designing knowledge raising campaigns is appreciated as well as repetition of similar studies among larger populations in the following few years will help track a way to improvement.

■ ResumenObjetivo. Evaluar la viabilidad y eficiencia de la inspección visual directa tras la tinción con solución yodada de Lugol para detectar lesiones premalignas y malignas de cérvix.Materiales y métodos. Este estudio contó con 1.012 mujeres de la clínica ginecológica ambulatoria que se sometieron a cribado para detectar lesiones premalignas o malignas de cérvix. A todas las mujeres se les realizó una citología de Papanicolaou, una inspección visual directa del cérvix después de la tinción con ácido acético (IVD-A) y después de la tinción con solución yodada de Lugol (IVD-YL). La obtención de resultados anómalos en las pruebas supuso la realización de una colposcopia y una biopsia.Resultados. Un total de 24 mujeres (2,4%) obtuvieron unos resultados anómalos en la citología. Los resultados de la inspección visual directa del cérvix después de la tinción con ácido acético fueron anómalos en 92 mujeres (9,1%). Los resultados de la inspección visual directa después de la tinción con Lugol fueron anómalos en 93 mujeres (9,2%). A 106 mujeres (10,5%) se las remitió para la realización de una colposcopia, y a 88 mujeres (8,8%) se les realizó una biopsia. Las biopsias mostraron lesiones premalignas y malignas sólo en 44 casos. Se detectaron 35 lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de bajo grado, cinco lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de alto grado y cuatro casos de cáncer de cérvix. Los parámetros de eficiencia, en especial la sensibilidad, la especificidad y los valores predictivos positivo y negativo de la IVD-YL fueron del 97,7%, 94,8%, 46,2% y 99,9%, respectivamente; los de la citología fueron del 22,7%, 97,6%, 41,7% y 96,6%, respectivamente; mientras que los de la IVD-A fueron del 90,9%, 94,6%, 43,5% y 99,6%, respectivamente.Conclusiones. La inspección visual directa después de la tinción con Lugol es viable y fácil de realizar, y presenta una sensibilidad superior a la de la citología de cérvix y la de la IVD-A para detectar lesiones premalignas y malignas de cér-vix. La inspección visual directa tras la tinción con Lugol se puede utilizar como una herramienta de cribado primario eficiente que ofrece una tasa de realización de biopsias baja, satisfactoria en contextos caracterizados por disponer de pocos recursos. ■ Palabras clave: cérvix, visual, inspección, yodo e ha puesto de manifiesto de forma objetiva que los programas de cribado cervical basado en pruebas citológicas reducen la incidencia y mortalidad del cán-cer de cérvix [1]. Sin embargo, la complejidad del cribado basado en pruebas citológicas y los recursos tanto en términos económicos como de otras infraestructuras que se necesitan son obstáculos para su instauración y eficacia en contextos con pocos recursos [2]. En diversos estudios se ha mostrado que la inspección visual directa del cérvix (IVD) después de la aplicación de áci-do acético es una técnica satisfactoria como prueba de cribado para la detección de casos de carcinoma de cér-vix en contextos con pocos recursos [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].En 1929, Schiller observó que el gl...

On 31 December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause was detected in Wuhan, China, and was first reported to the WHO Country Office in China. On 30 January 2020, the outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. 1 It was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and got spread across China and beyond. WHO officially named the disease - Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on February 12, 2020. 2 It has been spreading worldwide for a period of atleast a year & half 3 This review article addresses the current scenario caused by the SARS- Co V along with the treatment protocols and ongoing vaccines. Keywords: Corona virus,COVID-19, m RNA, current therapy, vaccines, clinical symptoms, review