This study investigated U.K. dentists' knowledge and practice of behavioral management principles (BMPs) as applied to adults with learning disabilities (AWLD). A postal questionnaire enquired into the dentists' experience in managing AWLD, utilization of behavioral management techniques, and knowledge of BMPs. The response rate was 41% (N = 53). Two groups were investigated: specialists (dentists registered on the Special Care Dentistry specialists' list, n = 37) and nonspecialists (dentists not on the list, n = 16). Although specialists treated more AWLD than nonspecialists, both groups of dentists reported they felt highly confident in managing AWLD. However, all dentists' knowledge of the principles of nonpharmacological BMPs was low. Specialists had a tendency to use a greater range of nonpharmacological behavioral management techniques compared to non-specialists. These results suggest that dental team members need more training in the theory and practice of BMPs, which might lead to less reliance on costly pharmacological interventions and a clinical experience that is more respectful of the dignity and independence of AWLD.

Objective(s): 1- Assess the effectiveness of health educational program on nurses' knowledge toward Hemodialysis at Pediatric Teaching Hospitals.  2-To find out the relationship between nurses' knowledge about hemodialysis and their demographic Characteristics. Methods: The study was designed in a pre-experimental pattern for the nurses' working in the Child Welfare Teaching Hospital and the Child's Central Teaching Hospital, and a targeted sample consisting of (30) nurses was selected. It is tested in three periods of pre-test, the first post-test, and the second post-test. Participants were tested before implementing the tutorial (tutorial lectures began from 19 to 22 January 2020 and then after a period they were tested with a preliminary post-test (on January 22, 2020) and then after a second post-test exam was conducted (on February 23, 2020). Results: The results of the study include a low level in the assessment of nurses' knowledge before the educational program and they became high after participating in the program in the first post-test and the second post-test Recommendations: This study implement an educational program regarding nurses' knowledge about hemodialysis center in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital and Child's Central Teaching Hospital, in Baghdad city,  and shows good improvement in nurses' knowledge, so it's recommended the implementation in all Iraq hemodialysis units