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Lupus nephritis (LN) develops as a result of immunological abnormalities. The pathogenesis of LN is a complex process, involving the deposition of autoantibodies in the glomerulus. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is widely accepted as the best overall measure of kidney function, enabling a statement of the complex functions of the kidney in a single numeric expression. The endogenous marker of GFR commonly employed is creatinine, but it does not complete the requirements of an ideal marker because apart from being subjected to tubular secretion it is also influenced by the muscle mass and gender of the patient. Cystatin C is a protein produced by all nucleated cells in the body, freely filtered by glomerulus; neither returned to the bloodstream nor secreted by the renal tubules and also is not influenced by gender or muscle mass. The above features make it a better marker of renal function than creatinine. The medical therapy for LN depends on the severity of the disease. Finding reliable biomarkers for LN will help to evaluate disease activity, identify patients at risk for kidney damage, and facilitate early diagnosis and intervention to improve favorable outcomes.

Background: To study the clinical presentation, cytological and histopathological variants in acinic cell carcinomas (ACC) of parotid gland admitted in Yenepoya medical college.Methods: This study is a retrospective study done over a period of 5 years from January 2015 to December 2019 on patients admitted with parotid swellings in Yenepoya medical college hospital. All patients diagnosed as ACC of parotid on histopathological examination were considered in the study.Results: Out of 60 patients admitted with parotid swelling, 5 patients were diagnosed to have ACC of parotid. Mean age of the study subjects was 52 years of age. Gender distribution was 3 male cases and 2 female cases. FNAC suggestive of carcinoma in 3 cases, pleomorphic adenoma in 1 case and benign tumour of parotid in 1 case. Histopathology report revealed ACC in all the cases.Conclusions: ACC is a rare tumor, representing about 2 to 4% of primary neoplasms of the parotid gland. It can be misinterpreted as benign in low grade pathologies. They are quite persistent in their potential for local recurrences and distant metastases, often many years later. Therefore, long term followup is mandatory after treatment.

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