Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat worldwide. Increasing resistance to third generation cephalosporins has become a cause for more concern among Enterobacteriaceae. The prevalence of extended spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs) and metallobetalactamases (MBL) among members of Enterobacteriaceae constitutes a serious threat to current situation of -lactam therapy leading to treatment failure. 100 Enterobacteriaceae isolated from various clinical samples were included in the study. ESBL was detected by phenotypic conrmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT) using ceftazidime alone and in combination with clavulanic acid. MBLdetection was done by Imipenem EDTA combined disc diffusion test. Out of 100 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 47(47%) were ESBL producers and 29 (29%) were MBLproducers. None of the isolates showed the coexistence of ESBLand MBLin the same isolate. ESBLand MBLproduction was observed in E.coli, Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. isolated from various clinical samples. The study underlines problem of ESBL and MBL mediated resistance, which has created a therapeutic challenge for the clinicians and microbiologists. Simple disk method can be routinely employed to detect these common resistance mechanisms which will reduce the mortality and also spread of such resistant strains.

Areactive RPR should always be conrmed with treponemal test like TPHAin suspected syphilis patients to rule out biological false positive cases. It is important to nd an alternative to TPHA as it is frequently not available in resource limited health care facilities of developing nations like India. Aim:Aim of our study is to evaluate semi-quantitative RPR test and TPHAin serological diagnosis of syphilis in resource limited health care facilities. Methodology: A retrospective cross sectional study from January 2020 to December 2021 was conducted on 116 suspected cases of syphilis. All cases were tested for qualitative RPR test, semi-quantitative RPR test ant TPHA test. Serum samples that are positive in qualitative RPR test but negative in TPHAwere referred to as biologic falsepositive (BFP) reactions. Results:We found 32 (27.58%) biological false positive (BFP) cases in dilutions 1:8 or below on semi quantitative RPR test. No BFP case was found in dilutions 1:16 or more. BFP can occur in any age group. We have noted that female 25(21.55%) were showing more BFP cases in our study. Conclusions: No biological false positive reaction has been found in above 1:8 dilution of RPR test. Semi-quantitative RPR test results in 1:16 or more dilution is equivalent to TPHAresults for diagnosis of syphilis.