A pneumatic actuator is a device that converts compressed air into mechanical energy to perform varieties of work. It exhibits high nonlinearities due to high friction forces, compressibility of air and dead band of the spool movement which is difficult to manage and requires an appropriate controller for better performance. The purpose of this study is to review the controller design of pneumatic actuator recommended by previous researchers from the past years. Initially, the basic views of the pneumatic will be presented in terms of introduction to the pneumatic actuator and its applications in industries. At the end of this review, discussions on the design of the controllers will be concluded and further research will be proposed along with the improvement of control strategies in the pneumatic actuator systems.

This paper expounds a development software for the identification of lightning discharge in cloud-to-ground flashes. The study was to reduce a misleading detection of the electric field radiation of a lightning discharge profile by considering the important parameters of sub microseconds structure of lightning return stroke. The software was built-in MATLAB. The development of the software considered the important parameter of return strokes such as peak value, zero crossing, rising time and fast transition time. We used a modelling technique for training and patterning the 19 return stroke from electric radiation field generated by the negative cloud-ground lightning flashes recorded in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. The 19 return strokes data were recorded by using Lecroy HDO4024 with 5 MS/s. The results showed that the software had the ability to recognize the lightning parameters such as peak value, zero crossing, rising time and fast transition time. In conclusion, the software was able solved the uncertainty of the unknown cloud-to-ground lightning flashes parameter.<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><a name="_Hlk508907949"><em><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: black;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This paper expounds a <span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:38">programmed </del></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:38">development </ins></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">software</span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:39"> for the</ins></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:39"> used to do</del></span> identification <span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:49">of the characteristi</del></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:50">cs o</del></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:50">o</ins></span>f<span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:51"> the</del></span> <span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:50">lightning</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:51"> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">d</span></ins></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">is<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:51">charge</ins></span></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:51"><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:58">either</del></span> in cloud</ins></span>-to<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:58">-</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:51"><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:58"> and </del></span>ground flashes</ins></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:50">cloud and ground flashes of the lightning strikes</del></span>. Th<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:53">e </ins></span>study was to <span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:54">reduc</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:58">e</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:54"><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:58">e</del></span> </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:55">a </ins></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:54">m</ins></span>is<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:54">leadi</ins></span>ng detection of<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:40"> the</ins></span></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:40"> electric</ins></span> <span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:40">field </ins></span>radiation <span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:40">of</ins></span> a<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:55"> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">lightning</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">d</span></ins></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">is<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:55">charge</ins></span></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:55"> profile by considering the important pa</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:56">ra</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:55">meters o</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:56">f </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:57">sub microseconds</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:57">structure of lightning return stroke</ins></span>.<span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:54">programmed</del></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:57"> should resolved the problem of unidentified signal o</del></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:58">f lightning strikes.</del></span> The <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:58">softw</ins></span>are</span> was <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">built-in</span> MATLAB<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:59">. The development</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:15"> of the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">softw</span></ins></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">are</span> <span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:59">considered </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T11:02">the important parameter of return stroke</ins></span>s<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T11:02"> such as</ins></span> peak value, <span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:58">software </del></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:59">to recognize t</del></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T11:02">he pattern of the lightning strikes of cloud-to-gr</del></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T11:03">ound flashes or cloud-to-cloud flashes by determining the multiple parameters suc</del></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T11:04">h as </del></span>zero crossing, <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">rising </span>time and fast transition time.<span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:57"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:17">MAKLUMKAN KAEDAH YG “MUNGKIN” MELIBATKAN TRAIN BEBERAPA DATA</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:18"> CTH</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:22">—</ins></span></del></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:18">We </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:22">used </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:37">a </ins></span>modelling<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:23">technique</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:22"><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI" datetime="2017-10-31T11:08"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></del></span></ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:23"><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI" datetime="2017-10-31T11:07">A</del></span>for training</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:26"> and patterning</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:23"> the 19</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:59"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:23">return stroke</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:24"> from </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:42">electric radiation field generated by the </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:24">negative cloud</ins></span>-<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:24">ground lightning flashes</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:38">recorded </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:26">in </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:38">Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:26">. The</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:32"> 19 return strokes</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:26"> data were recorded</ins></span> by<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:26"> using Lec</ins></span>r<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:26">oy </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:32">HDO4024</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:24"> with 5 MS/s.</ins></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:33">First, the lightning pattern is described, then the programmed was tested to recognize all the parameters to identify the types of the lightning strikes. </del></span>The results show<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:33">ed</ins></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:33">s</del></span> th<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:33">at the</ins></span><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:33">e</del></span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">software</span> had the ability to recognize the lightning parameters such as peak value, zero crossing, <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">rising</span> time and fast transition time. In conclusion, t<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:50">he <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">softw</span></ins></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">are</span> was able <span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:50">solve</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:52">d</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:50"> the uncertainty of the </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI" datetime="2017-10-31T11:44">unknown cloud</ins></span>-<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI" datetime="2017-10-31T11:44">to</ins></span>-<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI" datetime="2017-10-31T11:44">ground </ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:50"><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI" datetime="2017-10-31T11:44">unknown </del></span>lightning flas</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:52">hes </ins></span>parameter.<span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:44">At last, some suggestions are given to improve the system for future research.</del></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:user" datetime="2017-10-01T10:44"><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:MUHAMMAD%20AKMAL%20BIN%20BAHARI%20-" datetime="2017-10-31T10:39">Masukan Brief of conclusion….</del></span></ins></span></span></span></em></a></p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> 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No abstract

This paper analyzed a single phase nine level cascaded h-bridge multilevel inverter (CHMLI) topology in which requires lesser number of components and easier to control if compared to other methods. The inverter of different voltage levels (up to 9-Levels) are designed and simulated using MATLAB Simulink. A Level Shifted Multi-Carrier PWM control scheme is used to control the operation of the power switches for CHMLI topology. The results are compared in terms of THD.  The value of THD is found to be reduced as the number of voltage level of CHMLI is increased.

AbstrakMakalah ini menelaah semua kemungkinan protokol komunikasi antarmuka untuk unit terminal jarak jauh (RTU). Sistem "Supervisory Control dan Data Acquisition" (SCADA)