For investigation of the effect of seed priming by potassium nitrate on germination and biochemical indices of Silybum marianum L. under salinity stress, factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two factor including different concentrations of potassium nitrate (0, 0.25 and 0.35 mM) and  calcium chloride (0, 150 and 250 mM) at three replicates was carried out. Results showed that salinity stress decrease the germination indices and amount of seedling protein and also increase the peroxidase activity. With using of 0.25 mM potassium nitrate germination indices were improved and peroxidase activity was reduced. Also, results showed that seed priming with 0.35 mM was not suitable. Therefore, seed priming with 0.25 mM potassium nitrate was improved seedling growth and germination indices under salinity stress.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i1.11922 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.9(1) 2015 23-28

Nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) has been extensively developed in various fields such as nanostructure and food systems enhancers. In this study, first a CNC is synthesized through a homogenizer–ultrasound technique plus acid hydrolysis and then its application in biscuit cream is investigated. The morphology results reveal the swelling capacity of the CNC increases 63%, over raw cellulose and the dynamic light scattering particle size is about 120 nm. The surface morphology results of the CNC shows a spherical shape with an average diameter of 89 nm. The results show an increase in the degree of crystallinity with decreasing thermal stability in the CNC. The best result of the oil stability associated with maintaining the sensory properties is related to the cream formulated with a 50:50 ratio of sunflower oil and shortening after being incorporated with CNCs. It is thus shown to be necessary to optimize the concentration of CNCs to control cream texture characteristics.

In order to investigation of the effect of seed priming by pyridoxine on germination and biochemical indices of Silybum marianum L. under drought stress, factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two factor includingdifferent concentrations of pyridoxine including 0, 0.02% and 0.04% and different levels of drought stress including 0, -6 and -12 bar at three replicates was performed. The results indicated that drought stress affected measured indices at P<0.01 and pyridoxine significantly affected germination percentage and rate, seed vigor, mean time germination, seedling length and dry weight at P<0.01 and peroxidase activity at P<0.05. Interaction between the drought stress and pyridoxine was significantly (P<0.05) affected of germination rate and seed vigor. The results showed that with increasing drought stress, germination indices were decreased and biochemical indices were increased. Seed priming with pyridoxine cause to improvement of germination indices and decreases biochemical indices. According to the results, seed priming with 0.04% pyridoxine cause to improvement of germination indices at drought stress conditions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i1.11921 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.9(1) 2015 17-22

For investigation of the effect of seed priming by kinetin on germination indices and proline activity of Silybum marianum  L. under drought stress, factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two factor includingdifferent concentrations of kinetin (0, 10 and 20 ppm) and different levels of drought stress including 0, -6 and -12 barat three replicates was carried out. According to the results, drought stress and kinetin individualy cause to decreases of germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length, seed vigor and seedling dry weight but uses of kinetin in drought stress condition improvment of them. Also, drought stress cause to increases of proline content and catalase activity. Therefore, seed priming with 10 ppm kinetin at drought stress was improved the germination indices of Silybum marianum L.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i1.11919 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.9(1) 2015 6-11