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Sonographic evaluation of the umbilical cord coiling can be performed during routine foetal anatomic survey in the second trimester of pregnancy. Umbilical coiling index can be determined by dividing 1 by the intercoil distance in centimetres. Umbilical coiling index has been reported to be around 0.21 + 0.07 (standard deviation) coils per centimetre. Abnormal coiling in its two forms, hypercoiling and hypocoiling, have been reported to be more frequent in gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia.

Introduction: Emergency contraception is the last chance to prevent unintended pregnancy. In countries where emergency contraception (EC) is offered, its availability and use vary widely due to factors such as regulations and policies regarding the method, providers and women's understanding.Objectives: 1. To study the awareness of emergency contraception among MBBS students. 2. To compare the awareness among males and females. Methodology: Questionnaire based, cross-sectional, prospective study carried out and analysed by Chi square test and percentage. Results: Almost all the students were aware about EC, but their knowledge was incomplete and inaccurate. Final year students and girls were more aware as compared to first year students and boys. Conclusion:Women and teenagers must be provided with complete knowledge and over the counter availability of EC pills. It's the need of the hour as the age of first contact is decreasing.

Background: Hysterectomy is the 2nd most common surgical procedure performed in women and is associated with various complications like any other major surgical procedure. The objectives and aims of this study was to compare the effects of ligasure and conventional clamping and suturing in abdominal hysterectomy.Methods: A randomized controlled trial was performed by randomizing the patients in 2 groups - ligasure (A) and conventional hysterectomy (B). Operative time, no. of sutures, blood loss, hospital stay and cost factor to patient were studied as its main outcomes. A total of 100 patients were studied.Results: 66% of patients in group A had duration of surgery that was less than an hour in spite of associated co-morbidities. More no (76%) of patients in Group A had significantly less blood loss (<50 ml) as compared to 60% of patients in Group B. Only one suture was used in 80% of patients in Group A while in group B all of the patients required more than one suture from stumps to vault. There by reducing the cost of surgery.Conclusion: Apparently ligasure group seems to have less time for surgery and less blood loss and more intraoperative and postoperative complications, but to prove one ligasure group superior or inferior over conventional method we need to have more studies. But yes, Ligasure group reduces the cost of surgery to patient by reducing suture consumption as compared to conventional group.