The eukaryotic expression plasmid of M2e-Hsp70 is a candidate M2e-based DNA vaccine. In order to evaluate the immunization potential of this construct, Specific Pathogen Free chickens were immunized either intramuscularly or orally. Mutant Salmonella typhimurium was used as carrier for oral delivery of the M2e-Hsp70 construct. M2e-specific humoral and cellular responses were tested by ELISA and Lymphocyte Proliferation Assay, respectively. Our results indicate that both humoral and cellular immune responses are conferred against M2e-Hsp70 plasmid in either of the intramuscular or oral routes of administration; however, these responses are significantly higher in intramuscular injection in contrast to oral administration. When it comes to mass vaccination of commercial chicken flocks oral administration is preferred due to the ease of application as well as its capability of eliciting mucosal, humoral and cellular immune responses; so measurements should be taken to improve the immunization potency of our orally delivered DNA vaccine.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the oestradiol (ES)pulsed bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) to treat adjuvant-induced arthritis in Wistar rats. BM-MSCs were pulsed with ES (0, 10,100 and 1000 nM) for 24 hours. RA induced collagen and Freund's Complete Adjuvant into the base of the tail of Wistar rats. In vitro results showed that the least effective concentration of ES that can promote potent anti-inflammatory properties in the MSC population is 100 nM. At this concentration, ES increases the inhibition of the poly-clonal T lymphocyte proliferation, production of IDO, IL-10, Nitric oxide, TGF-β, and expression of CXCR4 and CCR2 mRNA in the MSC population. Based on In vitro results, the RA rats were treated with 2×106 MSCs or ES-pulsed MSCs (100nM) on day 10 when all animals had developed signs of RA. The in vivo results showed that the treatment with ES-pulsed BM-MSCs reduced the severity of the RA more profoundly than treatment with BM-MScs alone. The ability of ES-pulsed BM-MSCs to reduce symptoms and RA markers like CRP, RF, and nitric oxide was comparable to that of prednisolone. Prednisolone was more successful in reducing inflammatory cytokines than treatment with ES-pulsed BM-MSCs. ES-pulsed BM-MSCs were more successful in increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines than treatment with Prednisolone. The ability of ES-pulsed BM-MSCs to decrease the level of nitric oxide was comparable to that of prednisolone. Collectively, ES-pulsed BM-MSCs may be a helpful strategy in controlling RA.

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