The risk of developing a second independent cancer was strongly associated with tobacco smoking. Cancer multiplicity was not associated with a worse prognosis. As a consequence, when a first primary tobacco-related cancer is treated with curative intention, patients should be closely followed up for an early diagnosis of a possible new independent cancer; and if diagnosed, treatment to cure should be considered as the first option.

Digital mammography may reduce the adverse effects of screening programs if this technique is confirmed to have the same diagnostic accuracy as screen-film mammography.

HT use decreased during the 5 years after the publication of the WHI. This reduction was especially marked in the first 2 years, when the decrease in new treatments exceeded the number of continuations. In the following 3 years, the decrease was approximately equal in both groups.