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In the outside of the train the BSs for railway is designed in a different manner. The Omni-directional antennas are used for the railway BSs for less energy consumption. The coverage area of one BS is overlapped with the nearest BS as a function of the average expected speed of the train. The railways Base Stations are connected to the BSC, MSC and PSTN as like the conventional cellular system as well as there is a point to point connection line between two adjacent BSs to transfer the control information firstly. When the train passes through the overlapping area of the cells, the handoff is occur and all the controls are transferred from the previous BS to the next BS to

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Modern marketing techniques and restructured markets for agriculture products has made the small holder producers to fight against a number of consequences which they are actually not practiced or trained. As an alternative, new innovative practice like value chain approach has been identified in improving their ability to combat the restructured market conditions. This paper reviews the theoretical justifications and different viewpoints of value chains approach which can benefit the small holder producers in agriculture sector. A review on evidences from agricultural value chain experiences exposed the necessity of a tool or a business model like value chain approach to integrate the small holder producers to viable markets and to capitalize the immense opportunities in the markets, particularly for least developed and developing countries. The literature revealed that small holder producer can access international markets by establishing value chain networks and by building relationships in chain networks.