The parallel transport of a protein by surface and pore diffusion within a highly porous ion exchanger is studied by measuring equilibria and uptake curves for adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on two different strongly basic chitosan ion exchangers (hard gels): Ch-2503 and Ch-2507 at p H 6.9

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A new method has been developed for thermal and pumped-storage hydro unit commitment, which can prepare the optimized schedules with higher security and lower operation cost. The method of thermal unit commitment consists of three steps. (])The optimal priority order of each unit is prepared based on the ratio of fuel to power cost as a function of incremental fuel cost 2.. (2)The solution candidates are selected by fixing higher priority units as must-on and lower priority as must-off, and by searching middle priority units as "search window" to satisfy the constraints depending on the interval such as spinning reserve and load flow. (3)Based on the above-selected candidates, the optimal schedule is determined by dynamic programming, which satisfies the constraints extended over the whole time intervals such as crew constraints. The hydro schedule is decided as a substitute for the peak thermal units of lower efficiency so as to further reduce the total operation cost.The effectiveness of present method has been demonstrated by application to test problems for a real power system with 53 thermal and 3 pumped-storage hydro units, in which the present method can reduce the operation costs by 0.20%-0.43% compared to the conventional priority order method.

To reduce boiler fuel cost, a new ELD (economic load dispatching) method based on a dynamic fuel cost model, which is more accurate than the conventional quadratic model, is proposed. First, an ARMA (autoregressive moving average) model, which is constant‐coefficient linear digital filter, is applied in order to supplement the quadratic model. We call this the supplemented model ARMA‐model‐supplemented quadratic model. By using this model, the model deviations from actual data have been reduced. Second, based on the ARMA‐model‐supplemented quadratic model, we formulated the ELD problem as a quadratic programming problem, where the objective function is the summation of all units' fuel costs over multiple time points and the constraints are the supply–demand balances, the upper and lower generation limits, and the ramp rate limits. This problem can be solved by the standard quadratic programming technique. We call this new ELD method BEST (boiler‐dynamics‐based economical load dispatching) method. Then, in order to make the problem size smaller, we propose a scheme to ignore all time points except for those corresponding to the peak, the bottom, and the steepest point on the forecasted load curve. We call this scheme the sample scheme. Finally, the BEST method with the sample scheme is evaluated by numerical simulations on the Kansai Electric Power Co. system and it is shown that the proposed method can reduce the calculation time without compromising the fuel cost. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(1): 39–46, 1999

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