The objective of this paper was to use a nearzero-index (n) metamaterial as a single-or a double-layer superstrate suspended above a microstrip patch antenna, operating at 43 GHz, for the gain enhancement. The single metamaterial layer superstrate consists of a periodic arrangement of Jerusalem cross unit cells and behaves as an homogeneous medium characterized by a refractive index close to zero. This metamaterial property allows gathering radiated waves from the antenna and collimates them toward the superstrate normal direction. The proposed design improves the antenna gain by 5.1 dB with the single-layer superstrate and 7 dB with the double-layer superstrate.

generate a sufficiently long time response for accurate frequencydomain parameter estimation. The results show that the PSO can efficiently obtain the optimal hyperparameter value needed in the LS-SVM algorithm. Also, the PSO_LS-SVM method can greatly reduce the CPU time as compared to the direct FDTD method. In the future, the PSO_LS-SVM will be widely used in computational electromagnetics.

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