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In this study, we demonstrate the impact of the construction of a mega-dam on the nutrient export regime of a large tropical river into the Arabian Sea. Long-term (11 years) fortnight nutrient parameters, upstream and downstream to Sardar Sarovar (SS) Dam, were examined to determine the periodical change in nutrient fluxes from the Narmada River, India. During this 11-year period, the average discharge of the Narmada River upstream to Rajghat (35.3 km3 year−1) was higher than that of downstream at Garudeshwar (33.9 km3 year−1). However, during the same period, the suspended sediment load was reduced by 21 million tons (MT) from 37.9 MT at Rajghat to 16.7 MT at Garudeshwar. Similarly, mean concentrations of dissolved silica (DSi) reduced from 470 (upstream) to 214 µM (downstream), dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) from 0.84 to 0.38 µM, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from 43 to 1.5 µM. It means that about 54%, 55%, and 96% flux of DSi, DIP, and DIN retained behind the dam, respectively. The estimated denitrification rate (80,000 kg N km−2 year−1) for the reservoir is significantly higher than N removal by lentic systems, globally. We hypothesize that processes such as biological uptake and denitrification under anoxic conditions could be a key reason for the significant loss of nutrients, particularly of DIN. Finally, we anticipated that a decline in DIN fluxes (by 1.13 × 109 mol year−1) from the Narmada River to the Arabian Sea might reduce the atmospheric CO2 fixation by 7.46 × 109 mol year−1.

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Background: This study was aimed to evaluate the drug prescription pattern and to analyze the drug usage in post operative surgical patients with appendicitis, cellulitis, diabetic foot ulcer, hernia and hydrocele in tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over a period of six months in post-operative surgical patients at Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Warangal, Telangana, India, which was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee. The data obtained was analyzed using graph pad prism 7.0 and the conclusions were drawn using descriptive analysis.Results: A total of 429 cases were recruited during the following study period of which, parenteral drugs were pantoprazole 399 (93%), ceftriaxone 319 (74.35%), metronidazole 239 (55.71%). Oral drugs were multivitamin 400 (93.24%), serratiopeptidase 299 (69.69%), voveran 162 (37.76%). Majority of the drugs prescribed were intravenous fluids, antacids, antibiotics, analgesics were accounted. The percentage encounters with generic drugs was 99% in present study.Conclusions: The present study provides valuable insight about the overall pattern of drug use profile in postoperative patients in the surgical unit of a tertiary care hospital. The study is useful in decreasing the irrational prescription, which helps to decrease the morbidity and health care burden in the society. The prescribing pattern was according to the National Essential Drug List is very low and needs improvement.