National education aims to shape people of faith and piety and noble character, not only to develop the potential of cognitive intelligence. One effort that can be done to realize these goals is to develop Islamic values of students through the integration of the Qur'an and Hadith in learning biology. Through the integration of the Qur'an and Hadith in biology learning, students can gain knowledge about the concept of biology while at the same time developing Islamic values. Integration of the Qur'an and Hadith in learning biology can be done by: 1) Recording and analyzing verses of the Qur'an and Hadith that are in accordance with the subject or biological material both implicitly or explicitly, 2) Implementing the integration of verses of the Qur'an and Hadith found in the process of learning biology by selecting certain appropriate learning models; 3) Evaluating the integration process that has been done in the biology learning process. The integration of Al-Qur'an and Hadith in learning biology needs to be done to foster Islamic values in students to achieve national education goals.

This research aims to develop a biology science learning continuum on the aspects of structure and function at the elementary school (ES) level based on the teachers’ cognitive abilities. This survey research used a reasoned multiple-choice test, having the material aspects of structure and function with the cognitive levels of C1-C2, was developed by listing the key sub-aspects, forum group discussion, item development, expert judgement, and item revision. The test was administered to 240 ES teachers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and the results were analyzed through the Quest program. The results reveal that the learning continuum is developed based on the difficulty level of the questions in which item response theory (IRT) shows the respondents’ cognitive ability, the level of cognitive processes from the lower level to the higher ones, the complexity level from the simple to the most complex in each sub-aspect of the structure and function. The sub-aspects with higher cognitive ability scores, lower difficulty index, lower level of cognitive processing, and lower complexity are recommended to at the lower grades. Sub-aspects with lower cognitive ability value, higher difficulty index, higher level of cognitive processing, and higher complexity category are recommended to the higher grades.