Background The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survive intracellularly, provides a cellular adaptive immune response played by specific T cells to defend against tuberculosis. The adaptive immune response to Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) immunization is responded to by B cells, T Follicular B helper, T regulatory, restriction CD1, CD8 + , CD4 + , Th1, Th2, and Th17. BCG immunization can cause a tuberculin test reaction to being positive. The tuberculin test is a method for diagnosing TB infection and for screening individuals for latent infection and assessing the rate of TB infection in a given population. Methods a nested case-control survey was conducted on patients with a diagnosis of TB and parents 0–18 years of age from 3 hospitals in Indonesia during September–November 2019 with a total sample of 69 people undergoing clinical examinations, supporting and diagnosing subjects, blood sampling 1–2 cc for examination mRNA gene Treg, Treg, CD 4+, and CD 8+, then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min to support blood cells and serum. Results There was a significant relationship between expression of mRNA gene Treg with TST (p = 0,000), Treg with TST (p = 0,000), and CD4 + with TST (p = 0,000). Meanwhile, CD8 + was not significantly associated with TST (p = 0.118). Conclusions It is necessary to check the expression of mRNA gene Treg, Treg, CD4 + , and CD8 + with more samples to find the mean value that shows the protective value of further TB.

Background: Valeriana officinalis is most commonly used as traditional medicine. Valerenic acid is the primary component of Valerian officinalis which inhibits the catabolism of enzyme induced breakdown of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in sedation. The aim of this study is to determine the level of GABRB3 protein, as part of major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, after administration of Valerian extracts in BALB/c mice. Material and Methods: This is an experimental study using animal model with post test-only controlled group design. Twenty healthy adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, negative control group (Aquadest), positive control group (Diazepam 0.025 mg/10 g), first treatment group (Valerian extract 2.5 mg/10 g) and second treatment group (Valerian extract 5 mg/10 g). The drugs were administered via gastric gavage for seven consecutive days. The blood was drawn from each mice on the first day (before treatment) and on the seventh day of experiment (2 hours after treatment). The blood sample was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the GABRB3 protein level. Results: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice after administration of Valerian extract was increased significantly in both treatment group (p <0.0001). The highest increment in protein levels was found in the first treatment group with an increase of 2.988 µmol/L, compared with the second treatment group with an increase of 2.146 µmol/L. Conclusion: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice were increased after administration of Valerian extract. Administration of higher dose does not yield in higher GABRB3 protein level nor sedative effect.

Tindakan sectio caesarea melalui insisi kulit abdomen bagi pasien akan menimbulkan rasa nyeri pasca operasi. Manajemen nyeri dengan terapi analgesik tetap menimbulkan nyeri kembali 6 jam paska analgesik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh murottal Al-Quran terhadap peningkatan kadar Beta-Endorphin dan penurunan tingkat nyeri pasien post Sectio Caesarea. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan pendekatan desain pretest-posttest with control group. Sampel sebanyak 40 responden dari kelompok yang diberikan murottal Al-Quran dan kelompok kontrol menggunakan teknik purposive sampling sesuai dengan kriteria sampel. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik wilcoxon, mann whitney U dan korelasi spearman. Berdasarkan hasil uji Wilcoxon Sign Test, Nilai p kadar Beta-Endorphin dan tingkat nyeri sebelum dengan sesudah intervensi pada kelompok perlakuan adalah 0,005 dan 0,0001. Berdasarkan Mann Whitney U Test, Nilai p kadar Beta-Endorphin dan tingkat nyeri setelah intervensi antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol adalah 0,034 dan 0,001. Berdasarkan Spearman Rho Test untuk hubungan perubahan kadar Beta-Endorphin dengan perubahan tingkat nyeri didapatkan nilai p=0,026. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat perbedaan signifikan kadar Beta-Endorphin dan tingkat nyeri sebelum dengan sesudah intervensi pada kelompok perlakuan. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan kadar Beta-Endorphin dan tingkat nyeri setelah intervensi antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara perubahan kadar Beta-Endorphin dengan perubahan tingkat nyeri pada kelompok perlakuan.

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Introduction. Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum spirochete and is mainly transmitted by sexual contact. Syphilis has the potential to cause serious complications and is closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection thus making syphilis still a major public health problem. In Indonesia, surveys of high-risk populations in 2007 and 2011 reported an increase in the prevalence of syphilis, especially in men who have sexual relationships with other men (MSM). Moreover, studies have described risk factors for HIV transmission including MSM, heterosexual contacts, Intravenous (IV) drug use, and infected partners. Objectives. To assess the epidemiological aspects and risk factors for syphilis in Makassar, as well as the correlation with a coinfection of other sexually transmitted infections. Material and Methods. This study is a multi-centre cross-sectional descriptive study with consecutive sampling. We evaluated cases for eligibility by confirming the diagnosis based on the serological result using rapid plasma reagin assay (RPR), Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA), and HIV screening kit. The cases were analyzed based on epidemiological features, risk factors and clinical findings, co-infection with other sexually transmitted infection (ST), and stadium of the disease. Results. A total of 79 serologically confirmed syphilis cases were collected between January 2017 and December 2018 in Makassar, the capital city of South Sulawesi province in Indonesia. Of the 63 male subjects (79.7%), 38 (48.1%) were homosexual/MSM, and in 41 cases of HIV-infected subjects, 25 (60.9%) of them were also MSM. Conclusion. Our study showed there was a significant correlation between syphilis and an increased risk of HIV transmission in MSM groups. The higher number of cases of syphilis and HIV co-infection among MSM can increase transmission of both infections and should be considered a major risk factor for syphilis in Makassar.