Objectives: To find out the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study involving 300 patients of type 2 diabetes. Clinical history, relevant examination including fundoscopy and lab investigations were done. Data was analysed with SPSS 17.0. T-test and chi square/Fischer exact were applied to determine significance. Results: Mean age of the patients was 49.04 ± 0.69 years with slight female predominance with male to female ratio of 3:4. Average duration of disease was 7.17 ± 0.38 years. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed in (74, 23.9%). Mean HbA1c was 8.15% in patients with retinopathy and 8.884% in those who had no retinopathy (p=0.08). However, duration of DM, age of patients, male gender, high total cholesterol, high LDL and microalbuminuria were significantly associated with the development of retinopathy. Conclusions: Diabetic retinopathy was found in 23.9% of type 2 diabetics. It was associated with duration of disease, age at presentation, male gender, high total cholesterol, high LDL and microalbuminuria. A single high level of HbA1c was not associated with retinopathy.

A mong the agricultural industry of Pakistan, the poultry sector is an organized and prominent segment (Hussain et al., 2015). The contribution this sector makes in livestock is 11.5% and in agricultural it contributes up to 6.4%. The industry has flourished in the past decades and now it has become 2nd largest industry of Pakistan (Memon, 2012). Poultry production in rupees has increased from 11.14 million to 32.59 million during the last three decades (Hussain et al., 2015). The quality of poultry products, safety, and the emerging disease, foodborne diseases are some major challenges. The control, eradication of these foodborne pathogens is a major challenge offered