Over the past few decades, tendency toward innovative drug delivery systems has majorly increased attempts to ensure efficacy, safety and patient acceptability. As discovery and development of new chemical agents is a complex, expensive and time consuming process, so recent trends are shifting toward designing and developing innovative drug delivery systems for existing drugs. Out of those, drug delivery system being very eminent among pediatrics and geriatrics is orally disintegrating films (ODFs). These fast disintegrating films have superiority over fast disintegrating tablets as the latter are associated with the risks of choking and friability. This drug delivery system has numerous advantages over conventional fast disintegrating tablets as they can be used for dysphasic and schizophrenic patients and are taken without water due to their ability to disintegrate within a few seconds releasing medication in mouth. Various approaches are employed for formulating ODFs and among which solvent casting and spraying methods are frequently used. Generally, hydrophilic polymers along with other excipients are used for preparing ODFs which allow films to disintegrate quickly releasing incorporated active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) within seconds. Orally disintegrating films have potential for business and market exploitation because of their myriad of benefits over orally disintegrating tablets. This present review attempts to focus on benefits, composition, approaches for formulation and evaluation of ODFs. Additionally, the market prospect of this innovative dosage form is also targeted.

www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ phloem 26 . This mechanism of P remobilization is responsible for inter-and intra-specific differences in crop plants for P utilization. These traits are heritable and can be exploited to screen plants for high P-efficiency 27 .Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major cereal crop known to provide calories to about one third of the population around the globe. According to estimates, global rice harvest removes P from fields of worth around $11 billion each year 28 . Different rice genotypes with higher P-use efficiency can be utilized in rice yield improvement programs. Enhanced internal P-utilization efficiency is required to complement higher P uptake traits for successful breeding of P efficient rice cultivars 29 . Screening of existing germplasm and identification of the responsible P-efficiency mechanism is needed to produce more P-efficient cultivars through conventional as well as molecular breeding ventures. The present study was conducted to identify P-efficient rice cultivars and evaluate the responsible mechanisms for P efficiency in two independent experiments. Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:4278 | https://doi.

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