Maintaining inflation is one of the prime goals of the macroeconomic policy executed through the country's central bank. The persistence of inflation is considered a serious problem in developing countries because it erodes the standard of living of the majority of people. Nowadays, researchers are showing interest in energy price shocks as one of the drivers of inflation. So, the present study examines the role of pump diesel and pump gasoline prices on inflation controlling real exchange deprecation and urbanization using NARDL from 1990 to 2020. The result shows that the pump domestic diesel prices and pump domestic gasoline prices have a positively asymmetric impact on inflation in Pakistan. In contrast, real exchange deprecation and urbanization positively affect inflation. This study recommended that the government decrease the dependence on imported energy and focus on cheaper and domestic energy resources to fulfil the growing energy demand.

Exports are considered the driver of economic growth by making the balance of payments favourable through foreign exchange earnings. Export instability refers to the uncertainty about export earnings in the economy. These uncertainties bring a significant impact on the economic behaviour, investment ability and, in turn, hurt economic growth. The focus of the study is to probe the impact of export instability on economic growth in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: Time series data is used from 1980-2019. Non-linear ARDL technique is applied for short run and long run results. Findings: It concludes that economic growth in Pakistan is positively related to gross fixed capital formation and labour force, whereas it is negatively related to the consumer price index. While export instability follows an inverted U shape. Hence policymakers need to form a threshold within which the export instability is favourable. Originality/value: This study is instrumental in exploring the non linear effect of export instability on economic growth which is helpful in determining the upper and lower limit of export volume deviations beyond which growth may hamper