In the present work, three zeolite‐beta based catalysts with post impregnation of aluminum are evaluated for conversion of rice husk to furfural at atmospheric pressure in the presence of sodium chloride as promoter. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and pyridine Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The activity of in house synthesized/modified catalysts is studied at preliminary optimized reaction conditions of 375°C and 47 min with variation in feed/catalyst/promoter ratio. Purity and yield of furfural was obtained by gas chromatography analysis with flame ionization detector in a batch reactor. Results shows that zeolite beta with 5 wt % post aluminum impregnation gave highest yield of bio‐oil (60.3 wt%) with 88% selectivity toward furfural in the presence of sodium chloride (5 wt% of feed) and sulfuric acid (10 wt% of feed).

A breeding experiment was conducted on Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Cyprinus carpio April to August 2022 at Tawakkal Fish Hatchery at Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. A single dose of intramuscular injection of Ovaprim with 0.7 ml/kg for female and 0.2 ml/kg for male brooders of both species were administrated. After hormonal adminteration brooders were kept in the circular tank for spawning. The 100% ovulation rate was observed in both species. Spawning response was observed after the latency period of (8.80±0.1-10.84±0.02 hours) and (8.1±0.26-9.8±0.01 hours) in Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Cyprinus carpio respectively at water temperature range from 22-28 °C. Fertilization rate (61-73%) was observed in Hypophthalmichthys nobilis while, in Cyprinus carpio it was (60-76%) at water temperature range 22-28 °C respectively.  Degree-hours to spawning were calculated in Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (238.2±1.46-246.4±1) while in Cyprinus carpio it was (215.6±1.3- 226.8±1.28) respectively. Hatching rate of Hypophthalmichthys nobilis was calculated as (52-70 %), while in Cyprinus carpio it was (56 -71 %) and degree-hours to hatching was calculated as (748-784) and (682-702) respectively at water temperature range 22-28 °C respectively. Overall, the rates of fertilization and hatching increases with the increase of water temperature up to limit. These findings can be used to calculate spawning probabilities to enable future spawning predictions for the Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Cyprinus carpio.

Production and performance of small ruminants is affected by the fluctuation of the housing system. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the behavior of Beetal goats on different types of floors including soil, sand, sawdust, and concrete. Twenty-eight (n=28) female Beetal goats having age of 3±0.5 years and weight 40±5kg were selected randomly and behavioral observations were recorded from 20 March to 3 May 2019 (spring season). All animals were individually weighed and randomly divided into 4 groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4) have seven animals each. Each group was restricted (remain on the one floor) for 10 days to each of the four treatments i.e., T1 (soil), T2 (sand), T3 (sawdust), and T4 (concrete). After the restriction phase, free access was given to all four groups for all the four treatments i.e., T1 (soil), T2 (sand), T3 (sawdust), and T4 (concrete) for 2 days, so that animal can spend time at any floor willingly and no of animals spending time between treatments was recorded. The data for the selected parameters (Lying time, lying bouts, standing time & other, Preference lying time, Preference Standing time & other, Defecation frequency, Urination frequency) were collected for one hour at 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00, 04:00, and 08:00 hours in the last two days of each treatment period. The method of behavioral observation was based on the method of “Time sampling and “Point sampling. The maximum average lying time observed on soil was 37.00min/hr, urination frequency was observed more on sand (1.10/hr) and defecation frequency was found more on soil (1.33/hr.) Average lying time during the free access period was also higher on soil 30.53min/hr as compared to other flooring types. Finally, it is found that lying time was higher on the soil floor, although the result was not significantly more urination frequency was noticed on the sand floor. Multiple floors in the far may provide the preferred area for goats lying and elimination and consequently help in managing the animal health security. The purpose of this study is to provide awareness about the effect of floor on the production and performance of Beetal goats.