Tindakan afirmatif merupakan mekanisme penyelesaian konflik dalam situasi ketegangan etnik dan ketidakseimbangan sosioekonomi. Di Malaysia, tindakan afirmatif dilaksanakan melalui Dasar Ekonomi Baru (DEB) mulai 1970 bagi menangani ketidakseimbangan ekonomi dan ketidaksetaraan kekayaan antara etnik melalui agihan semula ekuiti dengan matlamat 30% dimiliki Bumiputra dan 40% dimiliki bukan Bumiputra. Setelah kira-kira 40 tahun perlaksanaannya, matlamat agihan ekuiti masih gagal dicapai. Namun, adakah perlaksanaan tindakan afirmatif memberi kesan kepada agihan kekayaan bagi setiap etnik. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengaruh tindakan afirmatif kepada agihan kekayaan antara etnik di Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan data ekuiti mengikut etnik bagi tempoh 1969 hingga 2012 dan diuji menggunakan pendekatan Autoregrasi Lat Tertabur (ARDL). Dapatan menunjukkan perlaksanaan tindakan afirmatif mempunyai pengaruh dalam mempengaruhi agihan kekayaan antara etnik dalam jangka masa pendek dan jangka masa panjang. Kajian juga membuktikan agihan kekayaan antara kumpulan etnik diagihkan melalui ekonomi yang berkembang dan bukannya melalui pengambilan hak milik etnik lain terutamanya etnik Cina dan dipindahkan kepada Bumiputra.
In recent years, progress in digitalisation and foreign direct investment has caused many structural changes, reorganisation in economics, rising productivity, globalisation, and increasing trade or international investment flows, which have led to increased capital flows and information availability. Therefore, this research investigated the impact of digitalisation and foreign direct investment on economic growth in developed countries. Panel data analysis was applied to data of 16 developed countries, from 2006 until 2019. The findings show that digitalisation - presented by mobile cellular and internet users - and foreign direct investment positively impacted economic growth, thus they strongly contribute to advancing the economy and increasing welfare. Therefore, developed countries have been learning about the critical role of technology and capital, as stated by economists over several decades, and developing countries can copy their policies into their own economic strategies.
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