This paper studied the causes and effects of negative teacher–student relationships on students’ psychological health and educational outcomes, primarily due to negative teacher–teacher interactions. Survey data were collected from 130 faculty members and 746 students of 10 higher educational institutions located in different cities of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Path analysis was used to estimate results. The findings revealed that incivility among faculty members and higher discontent with university resources generates a conflict-inducing attitude in faculty members, which subsequently creates negative behavior in teachers towards students. It was further observed that hostile attitudes of faculty members towards students adversely affects the psychological health and educational outcomes of students at universities. These findings suggest that students’ learning processes can be improved by controlling negative teacher–teacher interactions, which has important implications for institutions of higher learning.

West African coastal areas including the Beninese coastal zones have undergone an intensification of socio-economic activity in the last few decades that has been strongly driven by the effects of rapid urbanization. This has led to land-use and land cover changes that represent threats to the sustainability of various ecosystem functions. Such dynamics of land use and land cover changes pose challenges to coastal zone management. Correct assessment is vital for policymakers and planners to ensure efficient and sustainable use of the coastal ecosystem services, and it remains crucial to achieving sustainable coastal zone management. This study examines changes in land-use and land cover (LULC) and their impacts on ecosystem services value (ESV) fluctuations in the tropical coastal region of Benin, West Africa. We employed Globe Land 30 image data for the years 2010 and 2020, and the ESV fluctuations during the study period were evaluated using the benefit transfer approach (BTA) with corresponding local coefficients values and the GIS techniques. The results reveal that (1) in the current urbanizing coastal area, the LULC types have changed significantly, with obvious reductions in forest land and waterbodies and a considerable increase in artificial surfaces; (2) the total ESV decreased by 8.51% from USD 7.1557 million in 2010 to USD 6.5941 million in 2020; (3) the intensity of LULC in the coastal region has increased over the last 10 years; (4) regions with high land-use intensity have a high rate of ESV change; and (5) provisioning services are the greatest contributors of ESV (51% in 2010; 41% in 2020), followed by supporting services (37% in 2010; 35% in 2020) and regulating services (25% in 2010; 30% in 2020). Uncontrolled changes in LULC from forest land and waterbodies are the main causes of the loss in total ESV, necessitating urgent measures to improve the coastal ecosystem sustainability through effective planning and policies.

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Aim: To compare the predictive accuracy of raised ALT/AST ratio in diabetic patients for survival and myocarditis due to COVID-19 pneumonia. Study design: It was a cross-sectional study, conducted at Department of Medicine, Services Hospital, Lahore for about 6 months (March 2020 to September 2020) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for six months at Services Hospital in Lahore (March 2020 to September 2020). A total of 350 patients’ ALT and AST levels will be tested in blood. Patients’ survival rates will be tracked. Patients with myocarditis and ALT/AST ratios below 0.90 had a dismal prognosis. Results: The average female age was 47.87.15.82. There were 142 men (40%) and 208 women (59.4%). There were 131 light (36.4%), 77 moderate (22%), 83 severe (23.7%), and 59 serious cases (16.9%). Mean ALT/AST was 0.89 0.33. 58 patients (16.6%) had myocarditis, and 66 (18.9%) died in the hospital. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy of the ALT/AST ratio for predicting diabetic patient survival were 56.1%, 39.1%, 17.6%, 79.3%, and 42.3%. The ALT/AST ratio’s sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy were 78%, 42.9%, 20%, 91.3%, and 48.3% for predicting the survival of diabetic patients with COVID-19 pneumonia-related myocarditis. Conclusion: This study found that ALT/AST ratio is not a strong predictor of mortality in diabetic patients with COVID-19-related myocarditis. Keywords: ALT, AST, diabetes mellitus, myocarditis, COVID-19 pneumonia