The Java Island is an active volcanic arc that experiences several volcanism episodes, which gradually changes from South to North from the Late Oligocene to Pleistocene, following the subduction of the Australian plates underneath the Eurasian plates. During the Eocene, the southern and northern part of Java was connected as one passive margin system with the sediment supply mainly comes from Sundaland in the north.  The compressional tectonics creates a flexural margin and a deep depression in the central axis of Java Island and acts as an ultimate deep-sea depocenter in the Neogene period. In contrast to the neighboring Northwest and Northeast Java Basins in the Northern edges of Java Island, the basin configuration in the East-West trending depression in median ranges of Java (from Bogor to Kendeng Troughs) are visually undetected by seismic due to the immense Quaternary volcanic eruption covers.Five focused window areas are selected for this study. A total of 1,893 Km sections, 584 rock samples, 1569 gravity and magnetic data, and 29 geochemical samples (rocks, oil, and gas samples) were acquired during the study. Geological fieldwork was focused on the stratigraphic unit composition and the observable features of deformation products from the outcrops. Due to the Paleogene deposit exposure scarcity in the Central-East Java area, the rock samples were also collected from the mud volcano ejected materials in the Sangiran Dome.The distinct subsurface configuration differences between Bogor and Kendeng Troughs are mainly in the tectonic basement involvement and the effect of the shortening on the formerly rift basin. Both Bogor and Kendeng Troughs are active petroleum systems that generate type II /III Kerogen typical of reduction zone organic material derived from transition to the shallow marine environment. The result suggests that these basins are secular from the neighboring basins with a native petroleum system specific to the palaeogeographical condition during the Paleogene to Neogene periods where the North Java systems (e.g., Northwest and Northeast Java Basin) was characterized by oxidized terrigenous type III Kerogen.

Pesantren has played an important role in the development of the Muslim middle class community in Indonesia. There is no denying that its contributions in developing the Muslim middle class in terms of education, economy and social is enormous. Thus, this article will identify the contribution of pesantren towards development of the Muslim middle class community in Indonesia. This article is a qualitative research. Therefore, the data used are secondary data taken from books, journals, reports, newspapers and internet sources are used as a reference in this study. The results of the study found that the contribution of pesantren towards educational, economic and social development of the Muslim middle class is enormous. Those contributions make Muslim middle class in Indonesia grow and develop.

No abstract

Salah satu ancaman terbesar yang dapat memecah belah suatu negara adalah konflik berbasis agama, apalagi jika diikuti dengan tindakan kekerasan. Sementara itu, keragaman bangsa Indonesia tidak hanya tercermin pada keragaman suku bangsa, tetapi juga pada keragaman agama yang dianut oleh penduduknya. Untuk mengelola iklim keagamaan Indonesia yang sangat majemuk sebagaimana diuraikan di atas, diperlukan visi dan solusi yang menghasilkan kerukunan dan kedamaian dalam menjalankan kehidupan beragama, yaitu mengutamakan moderasi beragama, menghargai perbedaan interpretasi, dan tidak terjebak pada ekstremisme, Intoleransi dan Kekerasan serta Rekonstruksi Mashlahah Mursalah dalam Konteks Kontemporer dan Heterogen, Indonesia. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam studi literatur, menjelaskan dan mendeskripsikan objek penelitian dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif interpretatif, Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa, mashlahah mursalah jika diambil dalam konteks kekinian dan Kedisinian, “Indonesia” memiliki enam poin, yaitu; hifz al-din atau penjaga agama,hifz nafs atau penjaga jiwa hifz 'aql atau menjaga pikiran, hifz nasl atau menjaga keturunan, hifz maal atau menjaga harta dan hifz wathon atau menjaga negara. Dari hasil kajian d iatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa mashlahah mursalah di Indonesia hendaklah ditambah satu poin, yakni hifz wathon atau menjaga negara.

In general, the original Islamic boarding School was always characterized by the standardization of classical Islamic books into a textbook that compulsory community known as the Yellow Book. The use of technology multimedia of the yellow book was important to following technological developments. The teaching of classical Islamic books is given to forward the purpose of Islamic boarding school to educate the candidate of an Islamic leader. Yellow Book is one of the important factors that characterize the sub-culture of schools, meaning that as a guideline for the ordinances of religion. Besides, the yellow book by the schools functioned also as a universal reference value in addressing the challenges of life, when the yellow book, used the permanent generations. The existence of the yellow book in the system uniquely Islamic boarding school in Indonesia can be seen from the characteristics of religious developed that includes aspects of theology with Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-jama'ah concept, Shari'ah/fiqh aspect with Syafi'i law, and aspects of Sufism.