The refugee problem was a big challenge for the newly established state of Pakistan after 1947. Millions of refugees, who migrated from India, were looking forward to the Government of Pakistan for the provision of food, medicine, accommodation, employment and whatever they needed. It was an uphill task for the newly established state surrounded by numerous hardships. The main focus of this paper is to look into the whole process of settlement of more than thirty-one thousands of families of refugees in the desert of Thal, which lies in the west of Punjab Pakistan during 1947 to 1969. The historical research approach has been applied to study the settlement of refugees in the Thal desert. It was not an easy task for the government to develop the desert of Thal so that the refugees could be settled. Thal Development Authority during twenty years of its functioning not only settled more than thirtyone thousand families of refugees in the Thal desert but also provided them with all basic facilities of life such as education, health, roads, employment etc

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an important insect pest of the cotton crop worldwide. Sex-pheromone and light traps were used to monitor the adult P. gossypiella population in Bt cotton field for the years 2017-18 at southern Punjab, Pakistan. The sampling of infested bolls was done to record the damage level of P. gossypiella. The sex-pheromone traps captured approximately 2-3 times more adults than light traps in all locations during 2017-18. For sex-pheromone traps, temperature showed negative and strong relation (R2 = 0.63-0.80) with trap catches. Fewer bolls (7.0-9.0%) were infested in plots where sex-pheromone traps were installed compared to check plots (32-37%). Therefore, the pheromone trapping proved an effective and eco-friendly tool for the monitoring and management of P. gossypiella. Our findings enable forecasting of seasonal P. gossypiella population providing additional information for the development of an integrated pest management program for this pest.

The British introduced canal colonies system in Punjab province and Thal Canal Colony is one of them. The work on Thal Canal Colony had started in 1939 and could not be completed till the partition of the Subcontinent. Newly established state of Pakistan planned to complete the Thal Canal Colony Project on the emergency basis not only to solve the refugee problem but also to settle the people whose lands were destroyed by river action or due to waterlogging and saline. The main objective of this research work is to study the whole settlement process of the Thal in detail. The historical research approach has been applied, and data has been collected through primary and secondary sources. The Government of Pakistan not only completed the settlement process successfully but also provided all modern facilities of life to the new settlers.

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El desierto de Thal era conocido por su austero paisaje improductivo, infestado de altas dunas de arena, escasez de vegetación, escasez de agua, clima extremo y pobreza de siglos. En 1949, el gobierno de Pakistán preparó un plan bajo la autoridad de desarrollo de Thal para desarrollar el desierto. La autoridad de desarrollo de Thal transformó la mitad del desierto de Thal en exuberantes campos verdes en solo veinte años. Ahora, los habitantes del desierto están felices y llenos de confianza. El documento proporciona información sobre la ubicación geográfica del desierto de Thal, los antecedentes históricos del canal de Thal, las condiciones socioeconómicas de las personas de la zona antes y después del desarrollo de Thal. Este trabajo de investigación es un intento de resaltar el evento histórico del desarrollo del desierto.