This research is intended to explain the reasons for Japan's rejection of the anti-whaling norms. To investigate this, a qualitative approach was used with document-based data methods, both primary and secondary. Japan is one of the industrialized countries that have stopped hunting for commercial breaks because of the moratorium in 1982. This moratorium is a form of development of the anti-whaling norm. This research found that Japan is a country that chooses not to this norm with several reasons that state as a strong background for not including and not accepting the norm. This is evidenced by the continuing Japanese whaling through the scientific whaling program. If Japan stops this norm, so all Japanese whaling practices will also stop. The Japanese decision was the result of consideration in understanding norms through a better social context by Japan itself and Japanese society in general who could state in the concept of legitimacy of international norms. This decision was taken from Japan to decide to withdraw from the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in December 2018 which is also Japan's behavior after understanding this social context.

China-Indonesia relations during the past few decades can be reviewed as a good mark, notably in investment matters. China has become Southeast Asia's most significant donor by periodically providing Indonesia with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Nevertheless, this regard is led to a foreign debt trap for Indonesia. This circumstance rapidly raised the negative sentiment toward China and completed with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which strengthened the momentum. This research aims to explore the relationship that China is forward to Indonesia amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and the motivation behind such a relationship. The qualitative method and descriptive analysis approach obtained by secondary data has been used to explain this research. Through employing the concept of humanitarian diplomacy and national interest, this research found that the relationship conducted by China for Indonesia amidst the COVID-19 pandemic is the distribution of humanitarian aid in the health sector. The distribution of such humanitarian aid is an instrument for China to develop global image-building for the post-COVID-19 pandemic as well as to achieve national interest in terms of strengthening its presence and relations in the Southeast Asian region, especially Indonesia. This research implies expanding the discussion of the consequences of China-Indonesia relations, as recently become the main debate of many scholars.

Seluruh dunia mengalami perubahan signifikan disebabkan oleh adanya pandemi COVID-19. Negara-bangsa serentak melakukan kebijakan penanganan yang sama yaitu lockdown dan pembatasan mobilisasi domestik dan mancanegara. Namun, kebijakan ini membawa dampak yang cukup buruk khususnya pada sektor perekonomian dan perdagangan global. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif serta menggunakan kacamata liberalisme, ditemukan bahwa Brazil berusaha untuk mendorong perdagangan global ketimbang melakukan proteksionisme perdagangan sesuai dengan ide yaitu pemenuhan kebutuhan hanya akan tercapai apabila pasar dibuka secara bebas dan tak dibatasi. Hal ini terutama diupayakan dalam sektor agrikultur yang memiliki posisi penting dalam menjaga pasokan pangan global di masa pandemi.