A fast exhaustive search algorithm for rate-constrained motion estimation is presented. The motion vectors are selected from a search window based on a rate-distortion criterion by successively eliminating the search positions depending on the rate constraint. The estimation performance of the proposed algorithm is identical to the performance of the rate-constrained full search algorithm, with considerable reduction in computation. Simulation results indicate that the number of matching calculations decreases as the constraint on the rate increases.

The paper provides an overview of the quantization and entropy coding methods in the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard. Special focus is laid on techniques that improve coding efficiency relative to the methods included in the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard: The inclusion of trellis-coded quantization, the advanced context modeling for entropy coding of transform coefficient levels, the arithmetic coding engine with multi-hypothesis probability estimation, and the joint coding of chroma residuals. Beside a description of the design concepts, the paper also discusses motivations and implementation aspects. The effectiveness of the quantization and entropy coding methods specified in VVC is validated by experimental results. Index Terms-Versatile Video Coding (VVC), quantization, entropy coding, transform coefficient coding, video coding. I. INTRODUCTION T HE Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard [1]-[3] is the most recent joint video coding standard of the ITU-T and ISO/IEC standardization organizations. It was developed by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET), a partnership between the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). VVC was technically finalized in July 2020. It is published as ITU-T Rec. H.266 and ISO/IEC 23090-3 (MPEG-I Part 3).The primary objective of the new VVC standard is to provide a significant increase in compression capability compared to its predecessor, the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard [4]. At the same time, VVC includes design features that make it suitable for a broad range of video applications. In addition to conventional video applications, it particularly addresses the coding of video with high dynamic range and wide color gamut, computer-generated video (e. g., for remote Manuscript

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