No abstract

US withdrawal of military support during 1965, 1971, and 1975 led to a widespread perception in Pakistan that the US was an unreliable ally and had betrayed Pakistan. Initially, their relations were cordial but later on, this alliance became weaker especially during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government. Bhutto after taking charge of the government reshaped Pakistan's internal and external politics. He adopted new dimensions regarding Pakistan's Foreign policy goals. He tried to free Pakistan from US influence and dependence and desired Pakistan to acquire nuclear capabilities. The paper aims to throw light on the factors that led to the drift in Pak-US relations. The findings of the study concluded that Bhutto adopted socialist policies and promoted friendly relations with socialist countries like the Soviet Union and the Peoples' Republic of China. All these steps were against the US interests. Pakistan also abandoned SEATO and CENTO pacts during this phase.

The role of international Human rights organizations is discussed in this research. United Nations should play its role independently without the pressure of a developed state. Being a Secular and democratic state it is essential for the state to protect all individual but in the tenure of the current ruling party Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) massive violations of human rights has been occurred. Basic rights to all individuals' should be granted to all individuals. Minority rights should be respected by the administration and strict actions should be taken on the violation of human rights.

The study will explore the influence of Hindutva ideology on Muslims of India about the perspective of human rights, that how the political system of India is impacted through this ideology.Violation of minority rights is usual thing currently, Human Rights which are granted under the constitution of India and they are actually fundamental rights those are inalienable and indivisible. Being a secular state discrimination of rights on religious bases and inaccessibility of fundamental rights in a largest democratic state is discussed. This research explained the history of various communal riots done by Hindu extremist and contemporary incidents of violence supported by current ruling party BJP. Basic purpose of promotion of this ideology is to make hegemony of Hindus in am religious pluralistic society where many religions other them Hinduism exists.

Pakistan and Türkiye host millions of registered Afghan and Syrian refugee respectively and provide them with humanitarian aid. This study highlights the picture demonstrated to the world, made by Türkiye and Pakistan to address refugee crises. In Middle Eastern region, Türkiye is now rising as new major power for the Muslim countries in the multifaceted context, including sympathetically letting in Syrian refugees; however, the in-depth truth is entirely dissimilar. Religious and autonomist fulfilment are fundamental components in Türkiye discrepancy of its dignity in facilitating Syrian refugees with empathy and assistance. Being a strong economy compared to Pakistan and an active member of the international community, Türkiye is violating international law on various refugees' accommodation. Interestingly, in spite of inconsequential assets and lesser affirmation from the global community, Pakistan's extraordinary responsibility as a prototypical host for forty years of emigrants from Afghanistan. Furthermore, the covid-19 pandemic circumstances also pose formidable challenges to both states and develop different refugees' policies. Once again, with an on-going overabundance of challenges, Pakistan provides maximum accommodation to Afghan refugees to survive the pandemic era compared to Türkiye. The research is mainly focused on how Türkiye and Pakistan has managed their socioeconomic resources in handling the refugee crisis.