There has been limited epidemiological research about nocturnal enuresis in Turkey. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and the epidemiological factors associated with this in Turkish children aged 7-11 y, living in Manisa. Included in the study were 2000 children from various primary schools in Manisa. Parents were asked to fill out our specially designed questionnaire. In all, questionnaires for 1703 children were completed and returned to the department (871F, 51.1%; 832M, 48.9%). The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis for females was 10.6%, for males it was 16.9% and the overall prevalence was 13.7%. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis decreased with age. Enuresis nocturna was found to be more common in children with a family history of bedwetting (76.5%). Deep sleeping, poor toilet habits and low educational level of the family were associated with enuresis. Consanguineous marriage did not influence the incidence of enuresis nocturna. There was no difference between enuretics and nonenuretics with reference to breastfeeding, being firstborn or being right- or left-handed. In our opinion, enuresis is an important problem for both families and children in Turkey for which specific guidelines should be developed. Various methods have been tried in the treatment of enuresis because of its multi-factorial aetiology. Child, family and physician co-operating together achieve the best help to both child and family.

The relationship between serum lipid levels and measures of benign prostatic hyperplasia was investigated. The study was community based. All the participants had undergone a urological investigation which included International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) and Quality of Life Score (QoL), serum lipid concentrations and determination of prostate volume with transrectal ultrasonography. Body mass index was calculated with the formula of weight (kg)/surface area (m(2)) respectively. Men were considered obese if their body mass index was over 25 kg/m(2). BPH was defined by prostate volume greater than 20 ml and I-PSS greater than seven. Comparisons of serum lipid levels between men with BPH and without BPH were done. There was no correlation for serum lipid levels with either mean I-PSS and QoL scores. However, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were the lowest in severe symptomatic men than men with low symptoms. Using clinical definition of BPH that prostate volume was greater than 20 ml and I-PSS was greater than seven, men with BPH had not significantly different serum lipid levels from men without BPH. Our population-based data reflect that there was no relationship between serum lipid levels and certain physiological measures of lower urinary tract symptoms and clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Cancer has been described as the twentieth century plague, and is a very common health problem. It has been reported that ROS and ROS products play a key role in cancer and that oxidative damage is effective in apoptosis initiation. In this study we aimed to evaluate the relationship between MDA (malondialdehyde), DNA damage (8-hydroxyguanine, 8-OH-dG), and caspase-3 in BHP and prostate cancer patients. Twenty male patients with prostate cancer and 20 male patients with benign prostate hyperplasia were included into this study. The MDA (nanomole), DNA damage (nanograms per millilitre), and caspase-3 (nanograms per millilitre) levels were measured in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia using Elisa kits (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA). In the prostate cancer group, serum MDA (30.96 ± 9.25) and DNA damage (4.42 ± 0.36) levels were significantly raised (p < 0.05) when compared to the benign prostate hyperplasia group (24.05 ± 8.06, 3.99 ± 0.54). However, in the prostate cancer group, serum caspase-3 (2.36 ± 0.82) levels were statistically significantly lowered (p < 0.05) compared with the benign prostate hyperplasia group (3.15 ± 1.04). We observed that altered prooxidant, DNA damage levels may lead to an increase in oxidative damage and may consequently play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis. These findings indicate that, although the triggering of these changes is unknown, changes in the levels of MDA, DNA damage, and caspase-3 in the blood are related to prostatic carcinoma development. In addition, it would be appropriate to conduct new studies with a large number of patients at different stages.

Although the literature reviewed contains numerous promising clinical, histological, molecular and cytogenetic parameters, none of them has yet been shown to have an independent prognostic value

Introduction Erectile dysfunction is common among patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Aim This study aims to investigate the recovery of penile erectile functions of the rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) following transplantation of endogenous neuronal precursors cell (neuronal restricted precursors [NRP]/glial restricted precursors [GRP]) into the injured area of spinal cord. Methods Twenty-two rats were experimented in three groups. Group 1 (N = 6): Sham; Group 2 (N = 10): SCI + NRP/GRP transplanted in day 9 after operation; Group 3 (N = 6): SCI + culture medium transplanted in day 9 after operation. Analysis of penile reflexes and cavernosal nerve stimulation studies were performed in day 28 after transplantation for each group. All rats in three groups were then sacrificed and the injured regions of spinal cords underwent histological investigation. Main Outcome Measures These results show improvements to some extent in locomotor and erectile functions although these improvements are far from full functional recovery. Results Cavernosal nerve stimulation resulted in significantly higher intracavernosal pressure in Group 3 (SCI) although there was no difference between Group 1 (sham) and Group 2 (SCI + NRP/GRP). Number of clusters was similar between groups. Number of erections was higher in Group 3 (SCI) than Groups 1 and 2, and number of cups was higher in Group 2 (SCI + NRP/GRP) than the other two groups. Number of flips was similar in Groups 1 and 2 but lower in Group 3. Number of long flips was highest in Group 1 and lowest in Group 3. The differences between groups were significant. Conclusion This study emphasized the healing potential of NRP/GRP transplantation following experimental SCI. However, further experimental and clinical studies are required to advance this treatment modality.