Rural economy in Nigeria is worst hit with the erratic and unpredictable factors that affect agricultural practice which is the main livelihood of the rural farm households. Consequently, farmers are left with the option of sourcing other means of survival to cope with the hard times due to in consistent and seasonal distribution of income which characterize small farm holders in sub-Saharan African countries. This study investigates the factor influencing the livelihood income diversification among rural farm households in Osun state, Nigeria. Multi stage sampling techniques was employed to sample120 structured and pre-tested questionnaires from 120 rural farm households. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the descriptive statistics revealed that household heads of age range 50-60 years are 38.6% and about 40.70% had primary education while 26.30% had no education. About 98.31% of the rural households engaged in farming out of which 80.57% have farm size ranging between 1-3 hacters. Logit regression analysis shows that access to credit was positively significant (P<0.05) which implies that farmers that have access to credit were more likelihood to have income diversification. Age of the farmers was negatively significant (P<0.1). It connotes that the older the farmers the lesser the likelihood to income diversification. Income equivalent of household was positively significant (P<0.1). Access to electricity was positively significant (P<0.05). This implies that access to electricity increase farmer’s likelihood to income diversification. The off-farm income analysis shows that education and farm size were respectively negative and

Sub-Saharan Africa is an important world region in terms of food and feed production. However, climate change is becoming more and more serious threat to agricultural production in the region. Various and relevant literatures were contacted aimed at finding the impacts, causes and possible solution to the threat of climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Declining agricultural productivity and farm incomes, occurrence of extreme weather conditions, soil degradation and proliferation of pests and diseases were some of the impacts of the Change. Deforestation, transportation, power generation, burning of fuel, poverty and agricultural practices were among the causes of climate change in the region. Poverty alleviation, adequate mitigation and adaptation campaigns, afforestation and incorporation of climate change into long-term developmental programs were some of the possible ways of dealing with climate change threat in the region. It is recommended that apart from provision of alternative sources of fuel, governments should also create job opportunities in the region as well as ensuring that fallen trees are replaced.

Sesame production is an important enterprise that could boost incomes of its producers, thereby improving their livelihoods. It has been one of the cash crops produced in Nigeria, mostly by small scale farmers in order to acquire income for taking care of their families. In Katsina State, sesame is considered as one of the commercial crops for local and international markets. Thus, assessment of sesame contribution to the livelihood improvement of the farmers is vital. This could help to pay more attention to its production and utlisation. Data collected from 100 farmers were used to assess contribution of sesame production to the livelihood of farmers in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area. Descriptive Statistics and Farm Budgeting Techniques were used to analyze the data. The net farm income (Ʃ124,665.92/ha) obtained from the enterprise helped to improve farmers' livelihood assets; sesame contributed 36.80% to each livelihood asset acquired by the farmers. Education, Housing, transportation, communication and livestock were among the assets that had greatly improved. It was noticed that the farmers were not gaining the optimum benefits associated with the enterprise; they were not processing sesame for oil extraction and soap making, which deprived them from accessing numerous other benefits. Farmers should organize themselves into strong cooperative societies to enable them access government and non-governmental loans and assistance packages. Governments and Non-Governmental Organizations should help to enlightened and trained the farmers on how to further process and market sesame products.

The study assessed the economic analysis of cattle fattening among beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of Bank of Agriculture micro credit in some selected Local Government Areas of Sokoto State. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire administered to 300 cattle fatteners. Simple random technique was used to select 150 micro credit beneficiaries and 150 non-beneficiaries. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and farm budgeting model. The results revealed that 94.7% of beneficiaries and 98% of non-beneficiaries were male with the mean age of 46 and 44 years for beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively. Almost all of the respondents (92% of beneficiaries and 97.3% nonbeneficiaries) are married with 68.6% of beneficiaries and 70% non-beneficiaries having family size ranging from 6 to 10. More so, 41.3% and 48.3% of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively admitted that farming and Cattle fattening is their major occupation. In term of years of fattening experience, only 18% of beneficiaries and 28.7% non-beneficiaries had more than 10 years of experience. Similarly, results of the farm budget analysis revealed that, an average net income of N37,863.42 and N20,680.51 per cattle fattened were realized by beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively. It is therefore concluded that micro-credit of Bank of Agriculture has positive impact on beneficiaries as they realized more income than non-beneficiaries in the study areas. It is recommended that the bank should decentralize approval powers to branches in order to make loan easier for the cattle fatteners.