The brewing process of opaque beer suffers of lack of sophisticated measurement and good hygienic practices. Breweries of opaque beer experience variation in viscosity and beer quality. This variation is due to inconsistency in the manufacturing process and inputs/ingredients used in the brewing process. In this paper, the opaque beer (chibuku) was monitored via a statistical approach, multivariate cumulative sum (MCUSUM) charting. Monitoring was focused on different processes: gelatinization, souring, mashing, pitching, fermentation and packaging. These involve highly correlated variables including temperature, pH, time, viscosity and alcohol content. The variables were monitored simultaneously by using MCUSUM control charts. The results show that the quality of opaque beer (chibuku) is compromised by lack of uniformity in parameter measurement during production. More thorough inspection during chibuku brewing is required to ensure the consistency of measurable quality variables and to improve taste, shelf life and organoleptic characteristics of the beer. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

The movement of people into and out of the Zimbabwean borders has become a topical issue in every sector of the country. The main devastating movement is when a lot of skilled professionals leave the country to other countries in search of greener pastures without ploughing back home and left the country of origin with few or no skilled personnel to drive the economy forward. Zimbabwe is one of the developing countries that have suffered the "brain drain" for the past decades and currently there seem no solution to stop this emigration. There is no equal balance between immigrants and emigrants. In this paper, we investigate the trend analysis of Zimbabwe migration using Mann-Kendall and Sen's Slope test. We find Mann-Kendall Test imperative in the analysis of trends of migration since it most requires data which is not normally distributed and data which contains extreme values which are difficult to handle using parametric test. Firstly, we investigate the direction of the trend and then its magnitude in terms of slope. Results show that there is a significant increase in the number of migrants going out of Zimbabwe to other countries over past two decades. This is indicated by high positive magnitudes in trend or the Sen's estimator. On the other hand, there is insignificant trend of inflows from other countries into Zimbabwe over a decade from February to December, except in every January.