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Wireless sensor networks are one of the fast growing technologies in communication field, because of their compact size and ability to work in rugged conditions where human reach is not possible. This paper discusses about H-LEACH, which is used to solve problems of energy considerations while electing a channel head. H-LEACH considers residual and maximum energy of nodes for every round while electing a channel head using threshold condition. H-LEACH is compared with LEACH and HEED protocol, and proved that it is efficient than both methods. Simulations for LEACH, HEED and H-LEACH are done using MATLAB.

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Electronic commerce has become integral part of business operation and individual person's life. It is easy, fast and reliable way of money transfer. However with new technology security related issues have increased drastically. In this research, study of a payment application "Square Cash" has been done from different aspects like checking security related issues and suggestions have been given for improvement.To measure performance of used payment procedure in square cash, one should understand flaws in depth in payment application. This research analyzes the security related issues of application "Square Cash" and highlights flaws in existing application. Author has used different methods to inspect this application which includes doing reverse engineering, observing and finding risks related to social engineering attacks. Also they have proposed secured payment protocol using self-certified key generation method. Introduction of this cryptographic system will keep transactions more reliable and secured. This research provides developers guidelines to build secure and usable online payment applications. This will result in a better payment application which will gain customers trust and will increase e-commerce business.

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