Objective:The study was to determine the Sudanese pharmacy students' opinions and to measure their satisfaction about education instructions and to reveal their impact on the future carrier. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted by using pretested self-administered questionnaire among final year pharmacy students in Sudan. Results: A total of 455 students from both public and private colleges were participated in the study. Combined one-way direct with interactive method was dominant (74.5%) and was preferred by (74.3%). The English was the major instruction language (62.9%), which was preferred by (66.6%) of the participants. More than 3-quarters of the students had chosen the pharmacy as first choice. Students believed that pharmacy provides good future career. There was a significant association between the students' satisfaction about choosing pharmacy as career and current academic performance (P = 0.004). Conclusion: The obtained results provide an insight into students' opinions on different issues concerning pharmacy education instructions. These data could be utilized as an indicator of the general trends and a guideline for improving pharmacy education in Sudan.

The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between leadership styles and employee commitment among employees working in the pharmaceutical industry, mediated by conflict management. The study adopted quantitative research method to examine the current study, a sample size of 110 employees was selected from the pharmaceutical companies in Kurdistan. Junior employees who had worked in the interested organizations for the past 10 years and deemed to have substantial dealing with supervisors and managers were purposively selected. Findings revealed that; the first research hypothesis is supported which stated that leadership styles will positively and significantly influence employee commitment at pharmaceutical companies in Kurdistan. Moreover, as for the conflict management as the mediation role between each leadership style (transactional, transformational, and charismatic) and employee commitment, the findings revealed that; conflict management has a positive and significant mediation role between all mentioned leadership styles and employee commitment, moreover the findings showed that the highest value was the mediation role of conflict management between transactional leadership and employee commitment, on the other hand the lowest value was the mediation role of conflict management between transformational leadership and employee commitment.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a type of behavior that has an impact on the efficiency of an organization. It has far-reaching implications in the workplace. OCB can help organizations become more effective by improving productivity. Employee motivation and citizenship behaviours have become important issues in OB. This study examines the mediation role of organization citizenship behaviour between employee motivation and productivity at pharmaceutical Industries in KRG.The researchers employed quantitative research method via using a survey to measure the current study. The questionnaire was distributed randomly among 150 administrative employees of different pharmaceutical industries in Kurdistan region. However, the researchers were able to gather 139 completed questionnaires. The findings revealed that organization citizenship behaviour has a significant and positive mediation role between motivation factors and productivity at pharmaceutical industries in Kurdistan region of Iraq.

In today's highly competitive business environment, companies frequently use advertising and ongoing promotion methods to entice customers and increase sales. The study was intended to determine whether or not shoppers in Erbil were influenced by various kinds of advertising before making purchases. The researcher employed a quantitative strategy for data analysis. The research aims to provide insight on the factors that influence customers' ad preferences among Erbil's small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Researchers employed a random sampling approach to obtain data from participants so that their study would be representative of the whole population of interest. The study gathered data from many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Erbil area. In all, 160 questionnaires targeting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Erbil city were sent; however, only 129 were returned with complete responses. A questionnaire was developed in order to learn how various types of advertising influence customers' willingness to make a purchase. The findings revealed that five types of advertisement had a significant and positive influence on customer choice at selected SMEs in Erbil, however it was found that online advertisement was found to be the most effective advertisement tool to influence positively and significantly on customer choice.