A direct simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of domperidone maleate (DOM), carvedilol (CAR), dimetindene maleate (DIM), and cinnarizine (CIN) in bluk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the formation of ion association complexes between the studied drugs and erythrosine B dye in citrate buffer solution (pH4.5), which show maximum absorbance at 555 nm for DOM or in acetate buffer solution (pH5-5.3) and measure the absorbance at 556, 556, 555 nm for CAR, DIM and CIN respectively. The method obeyed Beer , s law in the concentration range 0.5-20 µg/ml with molar absorptivity 3.70×10 4 , 3.43×10 4 , 2.62×10 4 , and 3.53×10 4 l.mol -1 .cm -1 for DOM, CAR, DIM and CIN respectively. The accuracy (average recovery) was ranged between 99.47 and 101.27% and precision (RSD%) is less than 3.04%. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of studied drugs in pharmaceutical formulations with no interferences. The results were in agood agreement with certified value, official method and standard addition procedure.

An indirect simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of famotidine (FAM) and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) in pure and pharmaceutical dosages. The method is based on the oxidation of FAM and CIP with known excess of N-Bromosuccinimde in acidic medium and subsequent occupation of unreacted oxidant in decolorization of Janus green B dye and measure the absorbance of residual dye at 618 nm. Calibration curves of residual Janus green B dye in the presence of FAM or CIP were rectilinear over the ranges 1.0-10.0 and 1.0-7.5 µg/ml with molar absorptivity 3.61×10 4 and 5.14×10 4 l.mol -1 .cm -1 respectively. The accuracy (average recovery) was ranged between 99.68 and 100.23% and precision (RSD%) is less than 3.80%. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations. The results obtained are in agreement with certified values of pharmaceutical preparations and also with standard addition procedure and standard method applied in state company for drugs industry and medical appliance,SDI.

Reproductive efficiency represented by sexual desire, semen quality, testicular dimensions, and level of sex hormones are among the main components of ram fertility, which affect the fertility and productivity of the herd. Since the development of the testicles is related to reproductive activity and the ability to fertilize, so measuring the dimensions of the testicles is important in evaluating the reproductive capacity of rams. In addition, the concentration of testosterone is reflected in most of the characteristics of male sexual behavior, as it is positively and significantly correlated with ejaculate volume, mass motility, and sperm concentration. The high level of testosterone hormone in the blood plasma during reproductive season leads to an increase in male sexual desire and an improvement in the quality of semen through direct influence in the process of sperm formation and the volume ejaculate, density and vitality of semen. In addition to reproductive traits are also affected by age, body weight, season and herd management, as well as the impact of the environmental conditions, which are temperature, humidity, level of nutrition, quantity and quality, and length of the photoperiod, which is one of the most important factors affecting the reproductive performance of rams.