Rabies is an avertable viral disease caused by the rabid animal to the warm blooded animals (zoonotic) especially human. Rabies occurs in more than 150 countries and territories. According to an estimation by WHO, almost 55,000 people die because of rabies every year. The Dogs are the major reason behind this, approximately 99% human deaths caused by dog's bites. Developing and under developing countries, both are the victims of rabies. With the post-exposure preventive regimes, 327,000 people can prevent this disease annually.The current article mainly covers the genome, virology, symptoms, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and the high risk countries around the globe.

Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), eosin-nigrosin staining and normal apical ridge test (NAR) were used to determine integrity of plasma membrane and acrosome of undiluted, diluted (cooled to 5oC) and frozen-thawed sperm. Semen from seven bulls was used. For diluted and frozen-thawed sperm, three doses were pooled at 37oC. Percentage motility was assessed using a phase contrast microscope. A 50μl each of undiluted, diluted and frozen-thawed semen was mixed with 500μl of 50, 100, 150, 150, 190 or 250 mOsm hypo-osmotic treatments of sodium citrate plus fructose and incubated at 37oC for 1 h. Total number of intact sperm (live) of undiluted, diluted and frozen-thawed were assessed before HOST. Percentage motility decreased (P<0.05) among undiluted (81.0 ± 1.57), diluted (69.6 ± 2.24) and frozen thawed (60.1 ± 1.34) sperm. Swellings of plasma membrane of diluted sperm were higher (P<0.05) at 50 and 100 mOsm than undiluted sperm. Similarly, swellings of diluted sperm were higher (P<0.05) than frozen-thawed sperm. Swellings of undiluted sperm were higher (P<0.05) at 100, 150, 190 and 250 mOsm than frozenthawed sperm. Live sperm were higher (P<0.05) in undiluted (174.4 ± 7.33) and diluted (175.6 ± 3.76) as compared to frozen-thawed (142.3 ± 4.84) semen. Integrity of acrosome in undiluted, diluted and frozen-thawed sperm did not differ (P>0.05), but varied significantly (P<0.05) within bulls. In conclusion, plasma membrane integrity of undiluted and diluted sperm was compromised during freezing and thawing. However, freezing had no effect on acrosomal integrity

Kiaa1867 (human Kirre, hKirre) has a critical role in brain development and/or maintenance of the glomerular slit diaphragm in kidneys. Murine homolog of this gene, mKirre expressed in OP9 and AFT024 cells could support hematopoietic stem cells/hematopoietic progenitor cells (HSC/HPC) expansion in vitro. HKirre is also expressed in human FBMOB-hTERT cell line and fetal liver fibroblast-like cells but its function has remained unclear. In this paper, we cloned a hKirre gene from human fetal liver fibroblast-like cells and established a stably overexpressing hKirre-AFT024 cell line. Resultant cells could promote self-renewal and ex vivo expansion of HSCs/HPCs significantly higher than AFT024-control cells transformed with mock plasmid. The Expanded human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) CD34+ cells retained the capacity of multipotent differentiation as long as 8 weeks and successfully repopulated the bone marrow of sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice, which demonstrated the expansion of long-term primitive transplantable HSCs/HPCs. Importantly, hkirre could upregulate the expressions of Wnt-5A, BMP4, and SDF-1 and downregulate TGF-β with other hematopoietic growth factors. By SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis, a ~89 kDa protein in total lysate of AFT024-hKirre was identified. Supernatants from AFT024-hkirre could also support CD34+CD38− cells expansion. These results demonstrated that the AFT024-hKirre cells have the ability to efficiently expand HSCs/HPCs.

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This study was conducted in 2 different climatic zones of Punjab Province of Pakistan, the Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions, simultaneously for the period of 1 year divided into seasons. Seven adult Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls from each division were used. Dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa were determined. Season had a nonsignificant effect on the sperm head length in both divisions and a nonsignificant difference was also observed between bulls of the Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions. The buffalo bulls of both divisions exhibited significantly increased sperm head breadth in autumn, whereas a nonsignificant difference was observed between divisions. Sperm head shape values were significantly different among the seasons in both the divisions whereas they were nonsignificantly different between the two divisions. Midpiece length value was significantly higher in winter than spring in both divisions and also significantly different between the divisions. Sperm tail length was significantly increased in autumn in Sahiwal and in autumn and spring in Bahawalpur. It was significantly longer in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur. The pattern of seasonal and climatic influence on total sperm length was similar to that of sperm tail length. In conclusion, autumn and spring seasons and the climate of the Sahiwal division have additive effects on sperm dimensions, except midpiece length.