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Industry value chains take important place in the architecture of the global economy. In recent years, cross-border pharmaceutical value chains have been actively developing, the formation of which took place both through offshoring and outsourcing processes under the control of Big Pharma companies, which keep leading positions in the pharmaceutical markets. The study evaluates the possibilities of outsourcing, as well as identifies its features at various stages of the pharmaceutical chain. The multistage pharmaceutical chain, as well as its high degree of its modularity, have created favourable opportunities for outsourcing at every stage, from the lower stage of retail sales to the upper stage of RD. This is so-called bottom - up outsourcing. An increase in costs and a decrease in the efficiency of the entire pharmaceutical chain, caused by the complication of the development and production of drugs, led to a crisis in pharmaceutical innovation. Outsourcing allowed to partially solve arisen problems, increase the productivity of the chain and distribute financial risks, which has led to the emergence of contract organizations that have taken over the implementation of certain pharmaceutical services (contract development and manufacturing, sales, packaging, research organizations). The pharmaceutical RD market was one of the last to get involved in outsourcing processes, due to the fact, that Big Pharma, which manage outsourcing processes, on the one hand, strives to expand outsourcing in order to improve the efficiency of the pharmaceutical chain, and, on the other hand, are very wary of it, since they want to retain ownership and control over their key competencies, which in the case of outsourcing is not always possible.

Российский университет дружбы народов, Москва, Россия Автор монографии -Ричард Болдуин, профессор Института высшего обра-зования в Женеве (Graduate Institute) и директор Центра исследований экономи-ческой политики в Лондоне (Centre for Economic Policy Research -CEPR). Его научные интересы сосредоточены в области глобализации, международной тор-говли, регионализма и европейской интеграции. Его диссертация, которую он защищал в Массачусетском технологическом институте, была написана под на-учным руководством Нобелевского лауреата Пола Кругмана.Представленная книга стала своего рода обобщением ранее предложенных Р. Болдуином идей и концепций, и с этой точки зрения она вызывает несомнен-ный интерес и является, на наш взгляд, очень своевременной на фоне происходя-щих в мировой экономике противоречивых и разнонаправленных глобализаци-онных сдвигов.В своих работах 2012;; Baldwin, Lopez-Gonzalez 2015] Р. Болдуин, пытаясь описать современную сущность глобализации, связывает не-сколько понятий. Это идеи относительно unbundlings -нескольких видов «раз-деления» производства [Волгина 2016], на основе которых исследователь выделяет несколько этапов глобализации, в частности Старую глобализацию (Old globalization) и Новую глобализацию (New globalization), для которых характерна соответ-ственно дивергенция и конвергенция доходов «богатых» и «бедных» стран мира. ТЫСЯЧ ЛЕТ ИСТОРИИ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИКлючевая идея подхода Р. Болдуина состоит в том, что глобализация, как мы ее понимаем сегодня, не является застывшим феноменом, она постоянно изменя-ется по своему качеству, и, что еще более важно, будет продолжать изменяться.

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Recent years the phenomenon of global value chains (GVCs) has attracted great attention of international organizations. Many of them are involved in the study of GVCs, primarily the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the UN Commission on Trade and Development, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, the World Intellectual Property Organization and others, including regional international organizations, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asia, UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, African Development Bank, etc. The purpose of this article is to identify how the role and position of international organizations in the global market for GVC research has changed, both in terms of specific content and in terms of interaction with individual scientists and other international and national institutions. GVC research by international organizations makes an important contribution to the understanding the contradictory features of international fragmentation, the participation of countries, regions, industries and individual firms in it. The publications of international organizations have a common research paradigm: they all recognize the importance of GVCs for national economic development. A similar conceptual framework for the study of GVCs is combined with the research specialization of international organizations, which reflects the main focus of the activity of one or another organization. The availability of research specialization is accompanied by continuity and coordination of research; the conclusions of international organizations do not contradict, but rather complement each other. The most important feature of all publications of international organizations is also their practical orientation, the focus on elaborating recommendations for national policies aimed at maximizing the benefits of participation in GVCs and minimizing the risks of such integration. A key feature of the research of international organizations is their generalizing nature, which allows highlighting the key trends in the development of GVCs and perspective areas for future research. Conducting large-scale research and the development of expert estimates in the field of GVCs became possible due to the availability of significant financial, intellectual and statistical resources of international organizations, including databases (TiVA, EORA, AMNE). The availability of such resources allows not only to conduct generalizing and comparative studies on a large array of macro and micro data, but also to carry out “pioneering” studies, which are a real increment of scientific knowledge in the field of GVC. Obtaining important generalizing or “pioneering” conclusions became possible due to the development of multilateral research cooperation of international organizations with individual researchers, universities, other international institutes and “think tanks”.