Developmental structural abnormalities of the Thyroid gland are relatively rare and can be categorized into; Agenesis of Thyroid gland, Dysgenesis of the Thyroid, Abnormalities due to persistence of the Thyroglossal Duct. The aim is to analyse clinicopathological aspects of Developmental anomalies of Thyroid at a Tertiary care hospital for Head and Neck diseases. An analysis of 2977 consecutive patients with Thyroid abnormalities subjected to FNAC was done and Developmental anomalies of Thyroid were detected and categorized by clinical examination, USG scan of Neck and FNAC diagnosis. Histopathological examination was done in available cases. Developmental anomalies of Thyroid were detected in 132 cases out of 2977 patients subjected to FNAC for diagnosis for Thyroid lesions. Incidence of Developmental anomalies of Thyroid was 4.4%.Thyroglossal duct cyst was present in 125 cases (94.6%) followed by Thyroid Heterotopia, 6 cases (4.5%) and Hemi agenesis of Thyroid in a case (0.8%). Most common developmental anomaly of Thyroid was Thyroglossal duct cyst followed by Thyroid Ectopia. All midline neck swellings should be evaluated for Developmental anomalies of Thyroid to plan appropriate management.

Open / compound fractures of the limbs are very common and challenging in this modern era of industrial and road traffic accident and is a difficult task for the orthopaedic surgeon. The aim of this study is how to minimise the morbidity, mortality, incidence of amputation and other complications of fractures by way of timely intervention with different types of flap coverage of limbs. This study was carried out in the department of orthopaedics and traumatology and department of plastic surgery -Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad during June 1996 -Feb 1999. A total no. of 68 cases of soft tissue coverage procedures were done including different varieties of flaps like split skin grafting, fascio cutaneous, muscle, cross leg, abdominal, groin and free flaps in patients of 18 -45 years of age group and more than 80% patients are males. In our study of 68 cases of reconstruction, 38 cases (55.8%) are carried out in the form of skin grafts, 16 cases (23.5%) are local flaps-muscle and fasciocutaneous flaps, 8 cases (11.7%) are cross leg flaps, 2 cases (2.9%) are abdominal flaps, 2 cases (2.9%) are groin flaps and 2 cases (2.9%) free flaps. The grading of results are assessed based on sound union of the fracture, stiffness / range of movements of neighbouring joints, amount of scar, presence / absence of DNVD and flap necrosis. We achieved excellent results in 32 cases (47.0%), good in 20 cases (29.4%), fair in 12 cases (17.7%) and poor in 4 cases (5.9%). It is very much useful by timely intervening and planning for soft tissue coverage in minimising the incidence of infection rate, decreasing the hospital stay and facilitating the congenial condition for further definitive management of fracture union. Flap coverage of the limbs has a most significant role in decreasing the morbidity, mortality and amputations of limbs due to infection of soft tissue and infected non unions.

<p class="abstract">Surgical treatment of scaphoid fractures has evolved over the years to include variety of procedures and techniques. However scaphoid middle and distal third fractures fixation with Herbert screw by means of volar approach is a safe and effective method with good functional outcome and union rates. Our study concluded that management of middle and distal third scaphoid fractures with Herbert screw by volar approach gives excellent results in terms of union and recovery to daily activities. The wrist function improvement is more satisfactory, and the incidence of complications is low with this modality of treatment.</p>

<p class="abstract">Giant cell tumour (GCT) in adolescent is a rare tumour. It commonly occurs in skeletally mature patients aged between 20-40 years. In adults it is seen in epiphyseal region. In patients with intact physis, it arises from the metaphysis. Giant cells are more common in females. It is more common in the ends of long bones of distal end of femur, proximal tibia, and distal radius. 14 cases of surgical management of GCT by excision or curettage in adolescent followed by fibular strut graft. 1 year follow up of all cases of GCT in adolescent treated with excision or curettage followed by fibular strut graft was done. Out of 14 patients, 12 patients did not develop any recurrence of GCT. 2 patient developed recurrence after 6 months. All the patients were able to attain good range of movements 2 months after surgery. GCT in adolescent surgically treated with excision or curettage followed by fibular graft had excellent results in terms of recovery of daily activities, wound healing. Chances of recurrence more in patients treated with curettage and bone grafting.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background: </strong>Total knee replacement surgery is considered as a treatment of choice in patients with advanced arthritis, especially in patients where conservative treatment has been failed. Total knee replacement gives good pain relief, functional improvement of knee and correction of deformity.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This is study of 39 patients following total knee arthroplasty, who were operated between August 2017 and March 2020 at MNR Medical College and Hospital, Sangareddy. They were followed up for a minimum period of 1 year and evaluated using oxford knee scoring system. Oxford knee score is designed specifically for measuring outcomes in knee arthroplasty. There were 14 right knees, 10 left knees, 15 bilateral knees.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant functional improvement of knee in patients and we had achieved excellent results, out of 39 patients and 4 patients had post op suprapatellar fullness, which was relieved with medications for 3 weeks and 2 patients (2 knees) without no signs of immediate post-operative period, developed infection after 6 months followed which underwent staged revision total knee replacement. The outcome categories based on oxford knee scoring system: excellent (40-48), good (30-39), fair (20-29) and poor (0-19).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is difficult to balance the knee with retention of posterior cruciate ligament, whereas posterior cruciate ligament substituting total knee replacement gives reproducible and good results, hence it is the preferred mode of management.</p>