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They were also more likely to list "romantic partner" as the assailant. Overall, 47% of assault-injured youth and 15% of controls reported a history of a fight requiring medical treatment in the past 6 months. Assault-injured males (259) greatly outnumbered non-assault-injured males (108) presenting for care, so it was not possible to enroll male controls on a 1-1 basis. Conclusions: Violence is a chronic and recurring disease, suggesting opportunities for interventions during health care contacts. Based on these data, future secondary violence prevention initiatives should target drug and alcohol use, as well as criminal behavior.