It is noted that in virtually all establishments of the gas and petrochemical industry, basic and auxiliary production equipment is cooled by a circulating water-supply system equipped with cooling towers. Here, the working tower releases air saturated with water vapor to the atmosphere, and the establishment must maintain the water-circulating systems from natural sources. A water-trap design for cooling towers, the use of which will make it possible to reduce appreciably the moisture content in the vapor-gas flow released by the tower, is described.The water resources of Russia are a national treasure, and not only the level of economic development of the country, but also the health of the people depend on their condition. In this connection, the problem of rational utilization and protection of surface water from contamination and depletion requires serious attention [1].Autonomous closed water-supply systems function for the purpose of rational utilization of water resources at industrial establishments. Water cooling of basic and auxiliary equipment is currently most economically expedient. In turn, the circulating water that passes through a production cycle is cooled to the required temperatures in air-cooled vessels, chimney-type cooling towers, and mechanical draft towers.One of the negative factors in the operation of cooling towers is the carry-off of drops of circulating water in which various chemical compounds are found, for example, heavy-metal ions, detergents, pesticides, biogenic elements, toxic chemical compounds, phenols, petroleum products, and chlorine-based organic compounds. The amount of atmospheric carry-off from cooling towers is regulated by the Construction Rules and Regulations, and is defined as the water lost due to carry-off by the wind (in chimney-type cooling towers), and a fan-blown discharge of air (in mechanical-draft towers).The amount of carry-off allowed by the Construction Rules and Regulations depends on the type of coolant and the harmfulness (toxicity) of the water. It ranges from 0.05 to 0.20% for cooling towers with water traps, and from 0.5 to 1.0% for chimney-type cooling towers without water traps [2]. Even at chemical plants, however, mechanical-draft towers are not often equipped with water traps, and the slightly effective designs currently installed fail to meet modern ecological requirements. As a result, drop carry-off amounts to 5-7%; this results in appreciable degradation of the ecological situation in the industrial regions and areas within their immediate vicinity. Here, feed maintenance of the circulating-water system is increased by fresh water from natural sources.

Analyses of the causes of hydraulic losses in hydroacoustic equipment and their classification are presented. Results of investigations indicate the following: the influence exerted by a change in the stability indicator of the flow in a bladed impeller on the head, theoretical-head, and reaction coefficients; the dependence of the dynamic and potential heads on the stability indicator of the flow in the impeller; and the dependence of the rotational speed of the impeller on the number of blades and their angle of incline.At the present time, the overall efficiency of the majority of rotary hydraulic equipment ranges from 75 to 92%, depending on their type and size. The high efficiency level is a result of development of the theory of losses [1,2].Losses in the rotary type of hydroacoustic equipment (HAE) can be divided into three categories: hydraulic, volumetric, and mechanical.Analysis of the causes of hydraulic losses on the basis of the mechanics of motion of a viscous fluid permits the following classification of losses:• losses of steady-state motion: relative -in the impeller; and, absolute -in the elements of the setting of the housing;• losses of nonsteady motion; and • losses of hydraulic braking. Vortex formation in a fluid flow in a bladed impeller lowers the efficiency of hydroacoustic equipment appreciably, since separation of the flow from the surface of a blade will occur as the fluid moves in the impeller; vortices develop in the boundary layer against the walls of the impeller, and also nonsteady circulation of flow velocity over the width of the blade [1, 2].Separation of the flow from the surface of the blade due to inadequate kinetic energy of fluid particles in the boundary layer gives rise to trailing vortices; this leads to a reduction in the flow section during discharge from the impeller, and to an increase in the average relative velocity; here, the theoretical head H t is reduced.To create more favorable conditions for separation-free flow past the blade surfaces (with respect to a layout of an infinite number of blades), the ratio of the relative velocity w 1 at the inlet to the impeller to the relative velocity w 2∞ at the outlet should be close to unity (w 1 /w 2∞ ≈ 1). The ratio w 1 /w 2∞ is an indicator of flow stability in the channel of the impeller [2]. This indicator, and also the condition whereby the required design head is ensured, are taken into account in designing the discharge elements of the impeller. To provide for separation-free flow past the blade surfaces and a reduction in vortex formation, we reconstructed the impeller -undercut the edges in the region where the flow exits the impeller.Let us examine the velocity diagrams at the inlet to and outlet from the impeller (Fig. 1). Both velocity diagrams apply to the surface containing the trailing edges of the blades.Proceeding from the condition of separation-free flow past the blades (w 1 /w 2∞ ≈ 1), relative velocity w 2r is assumed equal to relative velocity w 1 . Angle α 1 remains unchanged, since it is the slo...