Aquapuncture (AqP) consists of a water or saline solution injection into acupoints. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aquapuncture on post-operative analgesia in bitches submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE). The study was prospective, randomised, and blinded for pain assessment. Sixteen dogs were randomly distributed in two groups of eight animals each. All animals were sedated with 0.05 mg kg -1 of acepromazine intramuscularly (IM), 30 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. Eight animals underwent bilateral acupoint injection with 0.1 ml of 0.9% saline (AqP) at Gall Bladder 34, Stomach 36, Liver 3 and Spleen 6 acupoints 15 minutes after sedation. Pain score was investigated after 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 8 and 24 hours post-operatively and was compared with a control untreated group of eight animals. Morphine, at 0.5 mg kg -1 IM, was administered when the numerical rating scale was above 33% of the maximum value, in order to control post-operative pain in both groups. There were no differences in cardiorespiratory variables and pain and sedation scores between the groups. Seven (87.5%) animals from the control group required rescue analgesia at the first two postoperative hours and five (62.5%) animals treated with AqP required rescue analgesia, however, only one (12.5%) animal was treated at the first two hours and the remaining animals were treated from 5 hours after surgery. Aquapuncture produced residual analgesia up to 5 h after surgery and may be an option for post-operative analgesia in bitches undergoing OHE, providing that pain is assessed and rescue analgesia administered if necessary. Key words: Acupuncture, pain, surgery, morphine ResumoA aquapuntura (AqP) é uma técnica que consiste na injeção de solução fisiológica ou água destilada em pontos de acupuntura. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da AqP na analgesia pós- operatória em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OHE). O estudo foi prospectivo, aleatório e "cego" para avaliação da dor. Dezesseis cadelas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de oito animais cada. Todos os animais foram sedados com 0.05 mg kg -1 de acepromazina por via intramuscular (IM), 30 minutos antes da indução à anestesia com propofol e manutenção com isoflurano. Oito animais foram submetidos à injeção bilateral com 0,1 mL de solução salina 0,9% (AqP) nos acupontos Vesícula Biliar 34, Estômago 36, Fígado 3 e Baço 6, 15 minutos após a sedação. A dor foi avaliada 0,5, 1, 2, 5, 8 e 24 horas após a cirurgia e comparada com um grupo controle não tratado, de oito animais. O resgaste analgésico foi realizado com 0,5 mg kg -1 de morfina IM quando o escore de dor foi superior a 33% do valor máximo em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferenças nas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e escores de dor e de sedação entre os grupos. Sete (87,5%) animais do grupo controle necessitaram analgesia de resgate nas duas primeiras horas de pós-operatório e cinco (62,5%) animais tratados com AqP necessitar...

Contrast-induced nephropathy is well-known sequelae of iodinated contrast (diatrizoate meglumine). Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be used as an alternative contrast agent. The aim of this study was to compare the renal injury and the quality of images of aortogram using iodinated contrast versus CO2 using digital subtraction angiography (DSA). This prospective randomized study was done in 29 healthy dogs using DSA aortogram. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive iodinated contrast or CO2. 6-F pigtail catheter was introduced via femoral artery approach to perform aortogram under general anesthesia. Serum creatinine (S.Cr.) and urinary enzymes, namely: N-acetyl D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), were measured before and 48 hours after aortogram. There was no change in S.Cr. in both the groups. Significantly more enzymuria was seen following iodinated contrast than CO2. Enzymuria pre and postaortogram following the iodinated contrast was GGT: 14.9 ± 5.92 vs. 26.2 ± 15.1 (P = 0.001), NAG: 1.63 ± 0.90 vs. 3.6 ± 2.14 (P = 0.0001), and AAP: 1.51 ± 0.75 vs. 3.38 2.41 (P = 0.001), and in the CO2 group was GGT: 15.5 ± 4.9 vs. 21.1 ± 9.04 (P = 0.02), NAG: 2.12 ± 1.06 vs. 3.82 3.27 (P = 0.08), and AAP: 1.28 ± 0.76 vs. 2.51 ± 1.72 (P = 0.03). More than 50% increase over the preprocedural value was significantly less following CO2. Images obtained with iodinated contrast were superior to those with CO2, however, the quality of image with CO2 was adequate for delineation of the renal artery and major branches. Both iodinated contrast and CO2 cause significant enzymuria. More severe enzymuria (>50% increase) was seen significantly less with the use of CO2. Quality of images is better with iodinated contrast.

In the global dairy scenario, India has the distinction of being the largest milk producing nation of the total milk production of 100.9 million tons in 2006-2007, about 55.6% has been contributed by buffalo. Buffalo is a more efficient milk producer than an indigenous cow. The present study was carried out to study the morphological changes associated with induced lactation in buffalo mammary gland tissue. Lactation was induced in four non-pregnant, non-lactating buffaloes by subcutaneous injections of estradiol-17β and progesterone for 10 d (@ 0.10 and 0.25 mg kg^-1 b. w./d) respectively and Dexamethasone (@ 0.028 mg kg^-1 b.w./d) treatment was given on 17th to 19th d. Milking was initiated on day 20. Biopsies of mammary glands were collected on 0, 7th, 14th and 21st day from each animal. Hormonal treatment of mammary tissues of 0 days had abundant connective and adipose tissues with very sparse lobuloalveolar structures. On the 7th day, there was a decrease in stroma, increase in epithelial cell area with increased lobulo-alveolar architecture. There was an accumulation of intracellular and intra-luminal secretions with more lipid droplets. From 7th to 21st day, these changes were progressive although variable amongst buffaloes. The average size of the lobule, alveoli as well as the number and volume of alveoli were significantly increased on the 21st day as compared to 0 day. Increase in size of lobule, alveoli and volume of alveoli and number of alveoli inferred that there was significant physiological changes in the ultrastructure of mammary gland of buffalo. These changes were similar to lactating mammary gland

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