The paper presents the analysis of the state and dynamics of child disability in Russia taking into account structure, gender and level of certain classes of diseases on the basis of official statistics. It defines features in the development of child disability in modern Russia alongside with the main factors causing child disability and possible ways of its prevention. Modern Russia is facing an increase in the absolute number of children and adolescents recognized as disabled for the first time. The main population of disabled children form three classes of diseases: mental disorders and behavioral disorders, nervous system diseases, congenital abnormalities, development defects, deformities and chromosomal abnormalities. The regional uneven spread of child disability is typical for the area. It was concluded that the problem of child disability requires not only medical but also social, economic, political and psychological resources of the society.