Modern science and technology centred on carbon-based nanomaterials are changing at a fast pace, with the potential to replace or complement current systems. Carbon-based materials that can be produced and characterised at the nanoscale have become a cornerstone in nanotechnology. The morphologies and topographies of these carbon compounds can be quite diverse. As the well-known families of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes demonstrate, they can have hollow or filled frameworks and can assume a variety of forms. In this chapter, the synthesis, types, applications (water purification, bio-medical, gas sensors, and transport materials in plant breeding) and some impacts of nano-carbon materials such as nano-spheres, nano-tubes, nano-fibres, and helices are discussed.