Vegetable oil is essential in everyday life of people. Lately, peonies are being widely used in food-processing industry of China – the seeds are processed for oil which is actively used as a food product, containing more than 90% unsaturated fatty acids. The problem of healthy eating is becoming more and more urgent. The task of Russian Federation science and all branches of AIC (agro-industrial complex) is to satisfy the physiological requirements of population in high-quality, biologically complete and safe food products. Production of peony oil in Russia would be of great importance for the economy of our country, as it is ecologically pure and safe food product for human health. In the article we researched the peculiarities of seed propagation and possible reasons for seed dormancy in some Paeonia L. genus. We carried out some bio-chemical tests in order to define the content of peroxidase enzyme, lignin and cellulose in seed peel. We also examined the intensity of photosynthesis and transpiration in 5 species of Paeonia L. genus: P. tenuifolia L., P. suffruticosa Andrews, P. lactiflora Pall., P. anomala L., P. mlokosewitschii Lomak. It was defined that the highest photosynthesis intensity can be observed in P. tenuifolia L. (86.1 mg/dm2h). Then P. mlokosevitschii Lomak. (65.1 mg/dm2h), P. suffruticosa Andrews. (59.3 mg/dm2h), P. anomala L. (32.8 mg/dm2h), P. lactiflora Pall. (2.15 mg/dm2h) follow. The examined species of Paeonia L. genus have high indices of photosynthesis intensity, and are able to adapt to changes in environment. The photosynthesis intensity is known to be one of the most important indices of high seed productivity and yielding capacity. We recommend using peony seeds in food industry for production of quality peony oil.