Renal arteries are a pair of lateral branches which arise from abdominal aorta, just below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery (sma), at L2 level. The right one is longer, on account of position of aorta and left is a little higher in its origin. Variations in renal arteries are highly common and such variations may differ in number, mode of origin, branching, course and termination.

The left renal vein is preferred over the right in renal transplantation because of its longer length. It is important for the surgeons to know the course of the left renal vein and whether it is pre-aortic or not to avoid unexpected hemorrhage and even death. There are considerable no of radiological studies on Retro aortic Left Renal Vein but anatomical studies other than the Japanese were not found in the literature. In view of its anatomical, embryological, clinical and surgical importance the present study was undertaken. Materials and Methods : The present study was conducted in 60 adult cadavers (10 female and 50 male) allotted to 1 st M.B.B.S and M.D P.G students at Pinnamaneni Siddhartha institute of medical sciences & research foundation Gannavaram & N.R.I. Academy of Medical Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India for routine dissection over a period of 5 consecutive years (2010-2015). Results: Left Renal Vein anomalies can be classified into 4 types in the literature.Type1 is the most common in its occurrence followed by type 3,2and 4.Type 4 was rarely reported .In the present study the percentage of incidence of type 1, type 2 and type3 are 6.6%,1.6%,3.3% respectively and type 4 was not observed. Conclusion: Knowing the variable expressions of the renal venous system allows better understanding of the clinical events. Pre operative CT can be considered mandatory as it helps in safe surgical outcome particularly in the retro peritoneal area.

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Abstract:The branches of Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) ileocecal, right colic and middle colic arteries and those from Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) are the left colic, sigmoid arteries, supply large intestine from cecum to the sigmoid colon. These arteries form a continuous anastomotic arterial arcade by dividing into 2 branches in opposite directions parallel to the large intestine called marginal artery. In routine dissection of abdominal region for undergraduate students (2015-2016 batches) an unusual arterial variation was observed. During the dissection of mesentery and mesenteric vessels, branches of superior mesenteric artery were carefully dissected and two rare branches were found to take origin from it. They are right gastro epiploic artery and the common arterial trunk for right, middle, left colic arteries from superior mesenteric artery. Anatomical variations of splanchnic arteries can be explained on embryological basis. Colon is ideal for salvage procedures like oesophageal reconstruction owing to its length, mucosal acid resistance and its rich blood supply. Perfusion to the colon can be compromised by changes in the systemic circulation or by anatomic or functional changes in the local mesenteric vasculature. The knowledge is essential in colonic surgeries performed in various indications and reinforces the importance of pre operative angiography to avoid post operative complications.

Helicobacter pylori is implicated in causation of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer and plays a pivotal role in gastric pathophysiology. In the present study we evaluated the relative efficacy of sonicated and acid-extractable antigens in the serodiagnosis of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer patients by ELISA. In the present study we evaluated the relative efficacy of sonicated and acid-extractable antigens in the serodiagnosis of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer patients by ELISA. The two types of antigens mentioned above were prepared from H. pylori subcultures following appropriate procedures. Sera were collected from 13 subjects of whom eight were diagnosed to be suffering from duodenal ulcer (DU) and five from non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and screened for the presence of anti H. pylori antibodies by ELISA. A case was considered seropositive, if the OD value was more than or equivalent to twice the mean OD value of blank. Analysis of our results showed that, with acid extractable antigen at a concentration of 2 mg/mL, 12 cases were seropositive. Contrastingly, with sonicated antigen, at a concentration of 2 mg/mL only eight cases were positive. It is concluded from this study, that the use of relatively purified antigens like acid extractable antigens enhances the sensitivity and specificity of this serodiagnostic test, indicative of its relatively higher efficacy over sonicated lysate containing multiple antigens.