The article presents a comparative analysis of health indices of the population living in different (second and third) climatic zones of Russia. The selection of the climatic belts is based on the climate of each zone: average January temperature, average July temperature, especially the winter period, which affects the heat transfer processes in a person and the subjective, the perception of comfort climate. In identifying the role of climatic factors in shaping the health of the population, a comparative analysis of areas with different climatic parameters at similar levels of socio-economic indices: per capita income, unemployment rate, number of physicians, persons with higher and incomplete higher education, ethnic composition. Under similar socio-economic conditions in the regions, the role of climate is obviously shown to be in shaping the health of the population. The health of the population was assessed in terms of the morbidity and mortality rate in selected population groups. The morbidity rate was analyzed in age groups, not characteristic for migration (children aged 15-17 years and older). Children not exposed to occupational factors as adult population residing permanently in the region. The incidence of an older population living in the third climatic zone (Novosibirsk region), as in all diseases, and for individual disease groups exceeded the performance of the corresponding age groups of the second climatic zone (Penza region). Higher levels of the mortality rate of the population of the Novosibirsk region, compared to the same figures for the population of the Penza region, are formed at the age of 50 years and older in the following causes of death: cerebrovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, alcoholism, trauma, poisoning, and other external influence.