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The article gives a description of the history of the development of research of electric explosion of metal conductors, the authors offer a modern view on the physics of the process of electric explosion. The result of such an explosion can be, in particular, the production of nanopowders, which today have found the widest application in industry, agriculture, medicine, and so on.

In this paper, we developed a mathematical model that allows us to study the process of homogeneous cavitation in liquids, interfacial mass transfer and the dynamics of cavitation cavities with a change in fluid pressure. A numerical simulation was performed, which made it possible to determine the dependence on time and spatial coordinates of the parameters of the liquid phase, temperature and pressure of the vapor phase, concentration and size of bubbles. A program is proposed that allows the described numerical simulation. A number of conclusions were made about the effect of the frequency of external influence on the liquid on the intensity of the formation of cavities in the liquid and calculated the amplitudes of oscillations of cavitation cavities.

This paper describes the created mathematical model that allows you to explore the dynamics of cavitation bubbles under the influence of a single negative pressure pulse. The time dependence and coordinates of the parameters of the carrier phase, the temperature and pressure of the vapor phase, the concentration and size of the bubbles are determined numerically. It is concluded that the model created gives a good agreement between the calculated and experimental data.

The article describes the features of the city-state as a structure element of Greek civilization and its citizens. Discusses the basic of citizenship and civic identity citizens, entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state. The author's typology of civic identity is suggested.