The aim: to conduct a retrospective analysis of literature sources on the pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in cats. Materials and methods. The research was conducted by the method of scientific literature open-source analysis: PubMed, Elsevier, electronic resources of the National Library named after V.I. Vernadsky (1981–2007). Results. Chronic kidney disease is a common reason for cat owners to go to veterinary clinics. The term “chronic kidney disease” has a broader meaning than the more limited and not very specific name – chronic renal failure; it is also used to indicate the preazotemic stage of the disease. Chronic kidney disease is characterized by a gradual deterioration of the clinical condition of animals due to progressive decline in renal function. An idea of the pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in the period from 1981 to 2007 is presented. Conclusions. According to the results of retrospective analysis of literature sources for the period from 1981 to 2007, the basis was identified aspects of the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease in domestic cats, which have not lost relevance today. The main link during chronic kidney disease in cats is the development of hyperazotemia and, as a consequence, endogenous intoxication of the body, which develops gradually and leads to the death of the animal. The morphological basis of chronic kidney disease in cats is the development of diffuse nephrosclerosis, which is reflected in the results of clinical, biochemical and instrumental studies. According to biochemical analysis of blood, in cats recorded an increase in urea and creatinine, the results of clinical studies of urine showed a decrease in its relative density, as well as the development of proteinuria, the appearance of erythrocytes and cylinders. According to the results of hematological research, anemic syndrome develops due to decreased erythropoietin synthesis. With age in cats, ultrasound examination of the kidneys reveals a decrease in their volume due to uniform sclerosis of the parenchyma: it is determined by its thinning and increased echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis. Although kidney biopsy is the most informative method of diagnosing chronic kidney disease, it has many contraindications, which does not allow its use in the routine diagnosis of nephropathy in domestic cats. its thinning and increase in echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis, is determined. Although kidney biopsy is the most informative method of diagnosing chronic kidney disease, it has many contraindications, which does not allow its use in the routine diagnosis of nephropathy in domestic cats. Its thinning and increase in echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis, is determined

It has been shown that gestational stress of mothers leads to the birth of offspring with decreased body weight and a low level of leptin in the plasma. In adulthood in these offspring with the same amount of consumed food weight and fat mass higher than the corresponding figures in the offspring of mothers intact. The sons of stressed mothers established the presence of leptin resistance hypothalamic structures regulate the body’s energy, which is manifested in the absence of anorectic’s effects at hyperleptinemia. Long-term intake of fructose in the body the children of stressed mothers leads to aggravation due to leptin resistance and gestational already at a young age can contribute to the development of obesity.

The review of the literature is devoted to the hormonal regulation of one of the transitional organs — theplacenta. The placenta is a multifunctional organ that ensures optimal growth of the fetus and its functioning.In dysfunction of the fetoplacental complex (FPC), so-called fetoplacental insufficiency (FPI) can develop, whichlead to disorders of hemodynamic, transport, respiratory, metabolic and endocrine function of the placenta.The main function of the placenta is the ability to synthesize important hormones and mediators. The clinicuses indicators of the level of placental hormones to diagnose a particular disease in the fetus. The function ofFPC is characterized by the concentration of estriol, since the suffering of the fetus due to FPI, the productionof this hormone by his liver decreases. The state of the placenta during the second half of pregnancy is mostcharacterized by the level of progesterone in the blood, the level of the latter is also significantly reduced, whichoccurs against the background of impaired maturation of the placenta.It is known that women with a very young and mature reproductive age are at high risk of developingESRD. The use of medications during pregnancy is progressively increasing, with more and more pregnantwomen requiring pharmacotherapy. That is why in our research we decided to study and compare progeste­ rone and estriol depending on the mother’s age. At the State Institution «V. Danilevsky Institute for EndocrinePathology Problems of the NAMS of Ukraine» we conducted a comprehensive experimental study on this issue.To solve this problem, a new pharmaceutical composition has been developed and offered at our institute,which should contribute not only to the correction of FPI but also to preventive value in preserving the reproductive potential in adulthood. Wistar rats of two age groups were used for this purpose. The experimental FPIwas simulated, afterwards, the correction by the pharmaceutical composition was performed.Our research has allowed us to establish that FPI has different effects on females of different age groups.It has been experimentally demonstrated that in pregnant women of young reproductive age there is a significant decrease in progesterone and estriol levels in the presence of FPI. In mature animals whose pregnancy iscomplicated by FPI, progesterone and estriol levels, which are almost indistinguishable from the intact groupof animals, are observed, which may indicate the initiation of compensatory adaptive reactions of the organism. Developed at the State Institution «V.Danilevsky Institute for Endocrine Pathology Problems of theNAMS of Ukraine» pharmaceutical composition normalizes progesterone and estriol levels in rats of youngreproductive age against FPI

The aim: to analyze the diagnostic informativeness of biochemical markers of connective tissue in the blood of dogs with babesiosis. Materials and methods. German Shepherd (n=7), Labrador Retriever (n=3) and Rottweiler (n=2) dogs aged 1 to 5 years and diagnosed with babesiosis were studied. As a control group, clinically healthy dogs were used, which came to the veterinary clinic for a preventive examination, the age of the animals was from 1 to 5 years (n=10). The animals were examined according to the following scheme: collection of anamnestic data, clinical examination according to generally accepted methods, general and biochemical blood analysis, urine examination. Glycoproteins in blood serum were determined according to Shteinberg – Dotsenko, sialic acids – according to the Hess method, chondroitin sulfates – Nemeth–Csoka in the modification of L.I. Slutsky. Results. The biochemical examination of the blood revealed the presence of acute cytolytic syndrome and cholestasis in the animal's body. Cholestasis in sick animals was characterized by an increase in the content of bilirubin and the activity of alkaline phosphatase, as well as an increase in the content of β-lipoproteins. The increase in the content of total bilirubin in the blood was obviously due mainly to its unconjugated fraction, since intravascular hemolysis took place. In the blood serum of patients with babesiosis in dogs, there was an increase in the content of markers of connective tissue metabolism – glycoproteins by 1.63, sialic acids – by 1.36, and chondroitin sulfates by 1.8 times, respectively. Conclusions. Glycoproteins have "acute phase proteins" in their composition, which are indicators for assessing the degree of the inflammatory process in the body of dogs with babesiosis. Sialic acids are components of sialoproteins, which are also markers of the inflammatory process and destructive changes in the body. An increase in the content of chondroitin sulfates in the blood during babesiosis indicates the development of a compensatory reaction, associated with the action of toxic hemolysis products on the endothelium of blood vessels. Thus, the increased content of biochemical markers of connective tissue in the blood of dogs with babesiosis indicates the presence of a systemic inflammatory-protective reaction in animals, which makes it possible to recommend them for assessing the acute phase of the inflammatory process in the body and protecting blood vessels from damage due to toxic hemolysis

The anti-aging effects of the rare-earth metals nanoparticles have been studied on the 18-21-month-old rat males. It was shown that the nanoparticles of Gadolinium Ortovanadate activated by Europium (GdVO 4 : Еu 3+) in a dose of 0.33 mg/kg during chronic using (70 days) have demonstrated the anti-aging effects on the old male's reproductive function manifested by the increasing the sex hormone level and activating the spermatogenesis.