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We studied isolated myelinated nerve fibers from frog sciatic nerve surviving in Ringer solution or in water-free liquid perfluorodecalin immiscible with water or mineral oil. Swelling of incisures and perikaryon, loosening of myelin in the node, and formation of the axial cylinder varicosities were found in the fibers surviving in Ringer solution after 5-7 h. The same process, swelling of Schmidt-Lantermann myelin incisures, Schwann cell perikaryon, and loosening of myelin lamellae in the Ranvier nodes was found in water-free perfluorodecalin medium. However, swelling of the perikaryon and incisures spread along the axial cylinder and the reaction of the fiber developed in perfluorodecalin much later and unfolded slower than in the control. These changes developed much sooner and progressed much more rapidly than in perfluorodecalin in fibers surviving in mineral oil. Swelling of the myelin sheath structures in water-free medium indicated an uncommon new form of the neuron-glia relationships: water translocation from the axial cylinder to Schwann cell under unfavorable conditions.

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