The monograph provides consolidated geological-geophysical data on the Neoproterozoic (Riphaean) sediments on the north-eastern Baltic Shield. The study pioneers in summarizing all previous and present-day materials on the geology of the Rybachy and Sredny Peninsulas obtained both in field research and by drilling of the Poranichnaya-1 (5202 m) and Rybachinskaya (3001 m) parametric boreholes, as well as a series of smaller (less than 1 km) prospecting boreholes. The study results indicate a high oil, gas and diamond potential of the regional lithological units that may host major accumulations of these minerals. This can be evidenced by a sustainable inflow of gas (methane) in one of boreholes and by fragments of diamond crystals found in the study area. Since issues of the oil and gas deposits generation and diamond-bearing magmatism are always tightly woven with uniform global patterns of the Earth’s evolution, the book outlines its history at early stages. The book is intended for multidiscipline geologists, engineers engaged in prospecting for oil, gas and diamonds, students and experts in the Earth’s evolution and spatial-temporal formation patterns of the mineral deposits.